GEOG 1101 Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Gross National Happiness II. Current Events in Geopolitics III. Geopolitics IV. Sovereign State V. Power VI. Territory and Sovereignty VII. Ratzel’s Model of State VIII. Ethnicity a. Ethnic Groups b. Ethnic Cleansing c. Ethnic EnclaveOutline of Current Lecture I. Abu-Dis Case Study II. Yugoslavia Case Study III. Georgian ConflictIV. Boundaries and borders a. Boundary Formation V. Geopolitics and States VI. Conflicts Current LectureAbu-DisIsrael built a 1 KM wall separates Abu Dis from Palestinians in 02. It split up people and families There is a checkpoint between the borders to avoid terrorists who do suicide bombing People live on one side and work on the other side The wall has been harmful to the economy of certain areas. An organization of women tries to help by passing food and things along the border The guards are not at the border for 24 hours Soldiers are watching as people climb over the border Later they decide to build 8 Meter Walls to permanently stop people from crossing the border Case Study: Yugoslavia World War II Yugoslavia These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Yugoslavia was occupied by axis powers Republics occupied and claimed by Albania, Russia, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria Independent state of Croatia: established by Germans Includes Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina Ethnic cleansing of Serbians by raping the women who were mostly Muslim Former Yugoslavia Map will be on the test (1945-1988)6 Republics within Yugoslavia 2 Autonomous Regions within the Serbia Kosovo (Albanians) and Vojvodina (diverse) Both are inside Serbia Muslim population was a minority Serbs controlled government in Bosnia Vojvodina was a part of Hungary, ethnically diverse while Kosovo were ethnically Albanian. Post World War II Serbians helped to win allied victory Tito premier and minister of defense and elected president from 1953-1980 had a very complicated relationship with soviets Wanted a socialist vs. a communist state Opposed both US and Soviet relationships, NATO, Warsaw Pact Isolationist and repressive within his own country 1980: Tito dies Country falls into recession, political disunity Rotating presidents from each of the republics Revival of communist part and corruption 1989: fall of Soviet Union 1990: Slovenia and Croatia holds national election and begin seceding Milosevic: president of Serbia did not want Yugoslavia breaking up Military leaders from Serbia Threatens to unify Serbs if Yugoslavia breaks up 1992: Landslide of independence movements, including Bosnia, where a minority of Serbs voted against it Serbia moves into Bosnia to regain control Refugees, Ethnic cleansing, warfare in cities, rape camps, targeting non-Serbs and Muslims UN moves to keep peace, use NATO forces 1993-94: Serbs (30% of population) controls 70% of Bosnia Leads to War in Yugoslavia Ineffective Peacekeeping Mission Warm climaxes in 1995 250K people killed and 2 million refuges Continued clashes between Albanians and the Serbian State Root of the conflict was due to Territory Georgian ConflictFormer republic of Soviet Union2 Major Ethnic groups Georgians, Ossetians Russia wants the territory back and is using the Ossetians to try to get it back Russia wants it due to a major gas pipeline constructed, which can be controlled by GeorgiaBoundaries and BordersBoundaries allow territory to be defined and enforced and allow conflict and competition to be managed and channeled Properties of Boundaries: 1. Define limits of territory Know where territory begins and ends Can be Natural or artificial or both. 2. Important element of place making Ex: different things that mark the south 3. Create/ reinforce spatial differentiation Ex: places in the us with high unemployment rates, high infant mortality and bad conditions are seen in the map as Indian reservations. 4. Constructed to regulate and control people and resources with them Ex: Nazi built walls in Warsaw to starve people, Ex: When US builds new guns they sell old guns to Mexico and other countries leading to these countries having armed conflicts 5. Control flow of people/ resources into and out of a territory (or not) Drugs are supposed to stay out of US but they don’t 6. Varying Degrees of Permeability Ex: N Korea, S Korea Some workers in a factory in N Korea come from S Korea in order to work Can change over time ex: Iron curtain required passport from Poland to Germany butnow its fine US- Mexico border: it is really hard to cross the border in some areas, but in some areas it is much easier Boundary Formation Tend to first follow natural barriers Such as rivers, mountains, oceans Otherwise form along easiest and most practical way, Straight Line Secondary boundaries are made and generally higher population density means smaller the secondary units will be De jure spaces are places that are legally recognized Geopolitics and StatesGeopolitics Power to control space or territory Power to shape the foreign policy and international political relations Boundaries Nation-State Relations Nation: Can be one of 2 things People of common heritage, memories, myths, homeland, culture, language and/ orreligion An imaginary community that people believe exists State: Political unit, Independent Country National State: Independent country composed of one or more nations, of which one is usually dominant Ex Germany Multi-National State: independent country composed of many nations, none-or many of which are dominant Nationalism: Feeling of belonging to a nation Belief that the nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs- sovereignty Leads to many problems such as in Palestine ConflictOngoing state of hostility between 2 or more groups of people Mutually inconsistent goals Israel and Palestine both want power over the same territory Disagreement about methods of achieving agreed upon goals One group wants to have peace talks the other wants to have violent resistance Nation-shared sense of history State-political unit, legally recognized by international community After cold war, 90% of conflict has happened within a state Very few conflicts within states Due to UN and