GEOG 1101 Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Abu-Dis Case Study II. Yugoslavia Case Study III. Georgian ConflictIV. Boundaries and borders a. Boundary Formation V. Geopolitics and States VI. Conflicts Outline of Current Lecture I. RefugeesII. Sri-Lanka: Tamil Tigers Case StudyIII. DecolonizationIV. Jammu/ Kashmir Case StudyV. Heartland Theory VI. New World Order VII. Israel-Palestine ConflictVIII. States, Nations and ConflictIX. Population Distribution Current LectureRefugees are forced migrations within or out of a country due to military conflicts or persecution There are 15 Million cross-border refugees More than half of these are Afghans and Palestinians 22 Million displaced within own country 4 Million living in refugee like places 80% of refugees are women and children Some countries accept refugees, but most of the time they stay near their home country Pakistan has sent refugees back multiple times Epidemics, children growing up displaced, cultural traditions and livelihoods disrupted, threat ofviolence. Many people living here and the standards are not good enough for people to live thereThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Tamil Tigers Used suicide bombing as a strategy to fight war against a repressive regime First people to use their bodies against the enemy 2 ethnic groups in Sri Lanka: Tamil: Hindu, speak tamil, laborers Sinhalese: Buddhist, speak Sinhalese, rulers British Colony a tea and spice trade setup in Sri LankaEnglish Speaking, educated, Christian elite Sri Lanka gains independence in 1948First violent resistance was in 1983 Tamils want to secede from Sri Lankan Union LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam Wanted territory in the north The north was not very useful and had less water In 2010, Sri Lankan Govt. deported anyone who was related to Tamil tigersDecolonization: Reacquisition by colonized peoples of control over their own territory. Even though countries have independence their political systems are in chaos and still dependent on the colonizing countryLeague of nations had a goal of international peace and security Jammu/ Kashmir Northern India, Southern Pakistan Area claimed by India and Pakistan Due to independence of India 1947: India got independence Creation of India and Pakistan Very bloody result due to the separation Any muslims in India were being killed and any hindus in Pakistan were being killed Princely states had to join one or the other Muslim Kashmir practiced non-decision-making: they did not want to be separated Pakistani tribal forces occupied and forced Majaraja out of power Maharaja sought military aid from India, and ceded Kashmir to India in exchange they lost independence to India UN Security council Resolution Left decision to Jammu and Kashmir and ordered Pakistan to withdraw Fre and fair plebiscite: Never happened before Separate constitution, but territory is claimed by India Cease Fire (temporary end of separatist activities) resulted in Line of control: pseudo border between the two countriesIt is a big issue because India, Pakistan, China get water supply from the glaciers of the himalayas 1989: rise of violent, armed insurgency from indian army that continues this day Abuse of human rights Suspected relationships with Pakistani terrorist organizations Both India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons 2003: first total cease fire observed in 15 years 2005: bombing in Delhi by suspected Kashmiri rebels Ongoing conflicts, including recent bombings in MumbaiHeartland Theory (1860’s)Mackinder believed that Eurasia was the most likely base from which a successful campaign for world conquest could be launched. Said that anybody who can control central Asia has the power to control the whole world 1. Eurasia: most likely base to launch a campaign for world domination 2. Heartland is “geographical Pivot” of the world 3. As sea power declines, land transportation technologies would increase believed in railroads and saw that central Asia had a big potential for railroads and saw the future was being ruled by railroads 4. empire of the world if a power came to control the whole heartland 5. Germany-Russia or Japan-China alliances would be very strong New World Order Soviet Union collapsed under its own weight as it had to move people around and people were frustrated at ethnic cleansing 1989-91: Dismantling of Soviet union Perceived trump of capitalism over communism US becomes world’s only superpower global culture, politics, and economics dominated by: western products, threat of violence through military power “New World Order”” Named this because thats what GHW Bush called it that in 1990 on the eve of deployment o US troops to Kuwait A new era freer from threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice and more secure in the quest for peace Rule flaw supplants the rule of the jungle Vision of US as a world leader The US Believed in the Domino Theory: If one country in a region fell to communism neighboring countries would fall to communism as wellIsraeli-Palestinian Conflict Nationalism: intense feelings of belonging to a nation; rift to determine it’s own affairs- autonomy, sovereigntyZionism: nationalist liberation movement that seeks Jewish homeland in Israel; response to anti-Semitism in Europe Islamism: movement to create political systems and associated social and economic structures based on Islamic LawThe root of the conflict is mutually inconsistent goals Jerusalem: Holiest city for Jews, some sects of Christianity, and Islam The borders have been changing every 20 years Israel-Zionism British controlled Palestine from 1917 to 48 All of the people lived together and not as distinguished as they are now Balfour Declaration: allowed Jews to settle in Palestine Not a welcome decision by the Arabs 1948: Britain withdraws from the area and turned it to UN UN partition plan Gave 56% Jewish Gave 43% Arab Jerusalem: inter nation city shared by both Arabs reject partition plan and war breaks out Egypt, Jordan, Syria, , Iraq and Saudi Arabia helped the Palestinians Israeli-Palestinian conflict 1967: six-day war: Israel claims Sinai PeninsulaArabs live in refugee camps outside Israel or in occupied territories Gaza strip, West Bank, Golan Heights 1980’s: Intifada (Uprising) Palestinians with no hope of returning to their homeland Start doing suicide bombings and