GEOG 1101 Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Pre Green Revolution Agriculture II. Seeds III. Green Revolutiona. Success or Failure? IV. Agriculture in USV. Government subsidies VI. Cheap Food/ Foreign policy VII. Food Miles Outline of Current Lecture I. Rationalization II. BSEIII. Substitution IV. Poly Cultural Systems V. Local Food VI. Speculation about future VII. Conventional Worlds VIII. Great Transitions IX. Key Factors X. Sustainability Current Lecture Rationalization is also known as Mcdonilization of everything Taking an assembly or industrial model and applying it to the agriculture 8 billion chickens sold in the US in 1997Health concerns, falling prices, food processingPoultry scienceDecreased growth time (gain 1#/week)Concentrated numbers in chicken housesDebarking to reduce damage from aggression from overcrowdingContract farmingTransnational corporations provide chicks and feed, farmers provide the labor and infrastructureBovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)Prion: malformed proteinHuman variant: Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseDebilitating, degenerative, fatal brain diseaseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Feed source: rendered meat infected with TSEBritain, 1987:180,000 cows, 36,000 farms to date, 143 human casesUnited StatesUS: December 2003Curious “hot spots”: 8 cases of CJD at Cherry Hill Racetrack, New JerseyAnother form of substation: cows are vegetarians, rendered beef banned from cattle feed in 1997, but cattle feed still contains “chicken litter” which contains among other things, including chicken feces, chicken feed made from rendered cattle. Devastated Britain’s beef industryBanned feeding of ruminants to ruminants in 1997Natural occurrence in humans is 1 in one millionGrassfed beef sales in Brazil and ArgentinaUS resisted changes in policy until only recently: hurt profits…risk to consumers wasn’t high enough testing only performed on animals that appear to be ill.Substitution Parma11th centuryRaw and skimmed milk heated in special cauldronsBrined for 3 weeksAged for 12 months1996 PDOPreserve tradition, local economyKrafFirst introduced in 1945Milk, cheese cultures, “enzymes”, saltAged 6 months Streamlined production to produce inexpensive productEmploy minimum wage workers in assembly line style factoryHealth-sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.Ecology-based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.Fairness-ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunitiesCare-protect the health and well being of current and future generations and the environment.Adaptation to natural environmentPoly cultural systemsExtensive crop rotations/fallowingBiocide-free for 3 yearsEmphasis on soil quality and ecosystem healthFarmers grow fruits/vegetables for local/regional marketsIncreasingly grains/commoditiesAlternative economic modelsIncreasingly extended supply-chainsLocal food: Place of production is the place of consumption Speculation about our future Cassandra Pessimistic view Exhaust resources Increase conflicts Pollyanna Optimistic view Increase global interconnections Technological advancements Reality lies between 3 potential futures Barbarism: things get really bad Great transitions: things get lots betterConventional worlds: things stay pretty much the same Conventional Worlds Development is governed by gradual, steady industrial growth worldwide Reference Scenario: primary driver of change is free markets, growth in wealth and increasedconsumption Balanced growth scenario: primary driver of change is new policy and regulation BarbarismNegative stresses on present today intensify and contribute to sisal breakdown Social breakdown: civil order breaks down as state weakness and the collapse of globalization Fortress world: social breakdown crisis threatens privilege of the core Access to resources (clean water, food, energy) restricted to wealthy classes, protected by military Great Transitions 1. Global Governance Emphasis on global common goods, intergovernmental cooperation (peace) Restrict certain activities in order to benefit global population Leadership from TNC’s intergovernmental organizations and NGO’sRegulate flows of information, goods Strengthen international courts 2. New Sustainability Increases in technological innovations are concentrate in core regions, TNC’s Gap between rich and poor widens Large sale protest against high consumer lifestyles Environmental problems in periphery grow, migration to core increases CRISIS Sustainability becomes an economic/ environmental goal Global civil society is forged based on social justice and open decision making, consensus seeking Key Factors Population Growing in periphery but stable in core India has a grown population, but China has adopted the 1 child policy Europe will declineIncome inequality Very serious in many countries particularly for the developing countries Handful of people with a lot of money and the rest without any money Countries such as US let the market decide income equality Resource use/ Technological achievement Technological achievement is increasing globally, but requires wealth Most of it happens in the core Inequality in the consumption of energy between core and periphery Social conflict Contributes to people migrating to other places Island in Papa New Guinea will be underwater by 2015 and people are forced to move out and relocate Sustainability Necessary to finding a way forward in middle of potential crisis (social, political, economic, environmental) Need to find a way to balance needs of this generation with the needs of future generations Need to find a way to balance the needs of core with periphery Use finite resources more efficiently or find