GEOG 1101 Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Patterns of Urban Structure II. Polycentric Metropolis III. Packaged Landscapes IV. Urban Functions V. Cities around the world a. North-American cities b. European cities c. Islamic cities d. Periphery cities Outline of Current Lecture I. Nature-Society History II. Environmental Impact III. Conceptual Device IV. Different Ecologies V. Environmental Disasters VI. Earth Summits VII. Policies VIII. Global change IX. Tragedy of the commons X. Industrialization Current Lecture Nature-Society History Pre-Christian: “organic” world provided for humans (food, shelter), but also threatened human life (natural disasters, famines) Christian: “man” made in image of God was set apart from nature, and was responsible for taking care of nature Bacononian: (1500s to present): Role of science was to help humans understand, use and control natureRachel Carson: Silent Spring, 1962Disruption of reproductive systems of birds due to use of pesticidesLinked human health with environmental healthEnvironmental Impact These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IPAT I=P*A*TI is environmental impact P is population A is affluence T is technology Conceptual deviceExtinctions—Stone Age to presentSalinization-accumulation of salt in soilSiltation-accumulation of soil in waterDeforestation-permanent removal of vegetationDesertification-spread of desert-like conditionsPollution-contamination of environmentDifferent Ecologies Cultural Ecology The intersection of culture, nature and technology Food production, Small groups and their adaptive strategies, Environmental management is shaped by cultural beliefs Deep Ecology Arne Naess, 1973Intrinsic rights of nature Current policy is too anthropocentric and techno centricNeed to think in eco-centric ways Social Ecology Murray Bookchin, 1980Recognizes interdependencies between humans and nature Segregated societies living in greater harmony with natural world Political Ecology Blaike and Brookfield, 1987 Unequal social relations negatively affect the environment Power and capital affect how individuals and societies make decisions about resources Human Ecology Study of the spatial and temporal relations of human beings as affected by the selective, distributive, and accommodative forces of the environmentHuman communities and populations as part of the ecosystem of the earth Adaptive strategies to meeting human need, availability of resources, environmental change.Environmental Disasters Cuyahoga River Fire-1969Early in the summer of 1969, the Cuyahoga River caught fire. Piles of logs, picnic benches, and other debris had collected below a railroad trestle, which impeded their movement down the river. These piles only lacked a spark to set them afire. A passing train with a broken wheel bearing probably provided that spark, igniting the debris that, in turn, lighted the kerosene-laden oil floating on top of the river. In sum, the Cuyahoga fire, which burns on in people’s memory as a symbol of industrial indifference, should also be viewed as a symbol of the weaknesses of public regulation.Love Canal 1978 Neighborhood in Niagara Falls, NY Toxic waste buried by Hooker Chemical Co. Led to cancer, miscarriages, epilepsy Protest led by women Later, when more money was secured, the government relocated and reimbursed more than 800 families. More than $200 million was used to clean up the site, and the US congress passed the Superfund Act, which holds polluters accountable for misdeeds. So-called superfund sites are widespread in the United States, and are documented on a website run by the EPA. Exxon Valdez- 1989 Valdez was a tanker ship owned by Exxon Ran aground in Prince William Sound 11 Million gallons of oil!Extensive research of impactGreat impact on policyEarth Summits 1972: Stockholm Brundtland Report Sustainable development 1002: Rio de Janeiro Institutions to monitor environment Increasing global oversight and governance Agenda 21: blueprint of actions to be taken globally, nationally and locally by UN, 179 Countries voted to adopt the program Johannesburg 2002 Climate and Biodiversity Policies NEPA (National Environmental Protection Act): 1969Clean Air Act: 1970 OSHA (occupational safety and health act): 1970Endangered Species Act: 1974Clean Water Act: 1977Superfund: 1980 Oil Pollution Act: 1990Global ChangePolitical, economic, social, historical and environmental problemsEnvironmental costs of modernity and globalizationGlobal protest: WTOGlobal organizations: GreenpeaceGlobal political parties: GreensGlobal treaties: Kyoto ProtocolTragedy of the commons Multiple individuals acting independently in their on self-interest can ultimately destroy a shared limited resource Ex. Public grazing lands, water resources Can occur through privatization Can be solved through regulation IndustrializationIndustrialization has led to fossil fuel usage Majority of fuel comes form non-renewable resources of energy 35% Oil 24% Coal 18% Gas 6%Hydropower (renewable) 5% Nuclear 12% biomass (wood, charcoal, wastes) Renewable Annual global energy consumption is equal to 1.3 Billion tons of coal Took 1 Million years to produce 4 times what 1950 population consumed and 20 times what 1850 population consumed World’s production and consumption of energy is