GEOG 1101Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 15 - 19Lecture 15 (April 1)Human Environments are Ways that humans interact with the nature Human Environments are the primary spaces and places that shape human life Are co-produced We shape them to suit our needs and they perpetuate society, economy, politics, culture etc. Varies geographicallyNatural includes environment, nature, and natural resources Built includes cities, communities, buildings, homes. Long before we destroyed the environment in the global scale, we did it in the local scale Extinction of species locally The Fertile Crescent The birth of agriculture and the western society Most of cereal crops were domesticated in this region Important site for early civilizations Corn was one of the crops domesticated in Mexico and it came from a plant ,which was a grass which had small kernels. Very profitable crops, which fed big civilizations Contemporary period Scientific principles were then being used in agriculture so that people could be freed and do other stuff Urban Origins Middle East (3500 BC) “Fertile Crescent” Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Indus Valley (2500 BC) Northern China (1800 BC)Mesoamerica (100 BC)Andean America (800 AD) Imperil cities were very important sites for emergence of empires Include Cairo, Baghdad Europe Medieval Urban Expansion 500-1000 AD Ecclesiastical or university centersCambridge, England; Bremen, Germany; Trondheim, Norway Defensive Strongholds Administrative centers Cologne, Germany; Winchester, France Imperialism (1400’s to 1800’s) Main goal was colonizing and imperializing areas around the world Industrialization (1850-present) Developing a manufacturing economy and using the theories of science and modernity Urban Settlements Core countries are consistent with economic development and they have the largest percentageof people living in cities Rates of Urbanization The rate at which people leave the rural and move to cities Very high within the Periphery Industrialization and Urbanization Merchant capitalism Gateway cities serve as a link between one country/ region and others because of their physical location Flow of goods globally New York, Cape Town, Guangzhou Cities synonymous with industrialization Labor, transportation, factories, warehouses. Shock cities Embody surprising and disturbing changes in economic and population growth Comparative advantage: specialization in activities concentrated in region Industrial cities Manchester, England: 15000 to 2.3 M in 150 years Due to textile manufacturing Chicago, US: 300K to 3.3M in less than 100 years Dubai: grew immensely from 90’s to 2005 Very technologically intensive activities Had comparative advantage of special economic zones. Has become major port for all of Middle East World Cities Conduct a disproportionate part of world’s business Participate in the global economyCumulative causation: buildup of advantageous largely due to specialization and external linkages Play key roles, in organizing space beyond their national boundariesLondon, New York Miami, Hong Kong, Singapore Brussels, Paris, Johannesburg, Tokyo Astana, Kazakhstan Capital built in 21st century Built with oil wealth The czar built it Filled with very symbolic architecture Very different from other cities in Asia Megacities Both important globally and nationally Sheer size is more than 10M people Ex. Bangkok, Beijing, Cairo, Kolkata, Manila, Mexico City, Teheran Link social and provincial economies to global system Provide links between informal and formal sectors Informal work takes place off record (under the table) not subject to taxation and regulations One Half of the world’s population lives in cities It was 30% in 1950 Over-Urbanization Cities grow more rapidly than jobs and housing they can sustain Slums, shantytowns, squatter settlements Peripheral housing, often temporary, lack access to drinking water, sanitation, electricity Lecture 16 (April 3)Patterns of Urban Structure Central Business District Offices, hotels, transportation hubs Zone in transition Mix of residential and industrial Mixed industrial, stores, hosing, workshops, public housing projects Residential zones (ethnicity/ class) Worker homes Manager homes Gentrification Polycentric Metropolis Traditional downtown: banking, finance Newer business centers, old residential and new corporate HQ Internal edge cities: revitalized industrial areas External edge cities: freeway, airports, new development Outermost edge-city complexes: R&D, OfficesSpecialized sub centers: education, entertainment, sports complexes Edge cities: Nodal concentrations of shopping and office space situation not he fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near highway interchanges Packaged Landscapes Sprawl: explosive, spreading growth Instead of growing up, they grow wide Sparawlmart Boomburbs: rapidly growing suburbs Gated communities (fortress communities) Generica: homogenous development Smart Growth/ New Urbanism Growth is designed to curb sprawl Preserving open space Redeveloping inner suburbs Reducing dependency on automobiles Encouraging innovative design Creating community Urban Functions Accessibility Workers, markets, resources, transportation Jobs, amenities, friends, entertainment Territoriality is the attachment to place Claim Space: private property or public land. Congregation/ segregation Congregation is the territorial or residential clustering of specific groups/subgroups Segregation is spatial separation of specific subgroups within a wider population Enclaves are ethnic districts, identity Ghettoes are low-income and discrimination Colonies: conquest, immigration North American Cities Fiscal Problems Low bad base due to inner city poverty Tax, revenue can’t keep up with spending Infrastructure problems Public utilities, transportation, communications Poverty/neighborhood decay Wage/rent disparities Redlining, homelessnessBeaux-arts architecture style started to bring in design into architecture European cities Low skylines CBD growth occurred before elevators Lively downtowns CBD remains social center instead of suburbs Neighborhood stability Municipal socialism Islamic cities Jami: principal mosque Centrally located and central of worship, education, welfare