GEOG 1101Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 13Lecture 10 (February 27)What is Cultural Geography? Cultural geography focuses on the way space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape. It is a process of coproduction, where people produce culture and culture produces people. What is culture? Culture is the shared sets of meanings that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life. Here are some characteristics of culture: Values, beliefs, practices, ideas related to either language, family, language, gender Shaped by institutions, Process and outcome Negotiation of values and Identity is central Works differently on different scales Has been affected greatly by globalizationWhat is Cultural Nationalism? Cultural Nationalism is an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impact of globalization.What is Americanization? Americanization is viewed as the process that spreads a single global culture based on material consumption. Due to Americanization people around the world share an increasing familiarity with a common set of products and symbols and these commonalities are configured in different ways in different places rather than forming a single global culture. What is a Cultural System? Cultural System includes traits of territorial affiliation and shared history, as well as other, more complex elements such as language and religion. It is a basis of cultural interaction and some examples include, economy, religion, family, identity, and environments. What are cultural differences? Cultural Differences include Race, class, Gender, Sexuality, Ethnicity and other ways people markthemselves as belonging to a group. What is a diaspora? Diaspora is the spatial dispersion of a previously homogenous group and can be caused by Imperialism, trade, or ethnic cleansing. What are the two categories of culture? Folk Culture and Popular culture are the two types of culture.Specialists see Folk Culture as the traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle, who are seen as homogenous in belief systems and practices. Folk culture can be passed down from generation to generation. Examples include the cultures of the Amish and the Gypsies. Popular Culture is viewed as the practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are heterogeneous and change frequently. Popular culture is what is happing right now and is contemporary and commercial in nature. What is cultural landscape? Cultural landscape is a characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions betweena human group and its natural environment. Culture is the agent, nature is the medium and cultural landscape is the result. What is a cultural region? Cultural Region is an area where certain cultural practices, beliefs or values are more or less practices by majority of the inhabitants. Lecture 11 (March 4)What is the name of the process of how we classify and understand the world around us? Social Construction is the process of classifying and understanding the world around us. Different Types of Citizenships Civil Citizenship: legal and civil rights to access courts, freedom from arbitrary arrest and rights to security of property (17-18 century)Political Citizenship: state rights to free speech, dissemination of political view in the media, rights to assembly and protest and right to vote. (19th Century)Social Citizenship: rights to state guarantees of socio-economic well being, including employment, healthcare, pensions, or family benefits. (20th century)Key Concepts of Race Race is a problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics Racialization is the practice of creating unequal castes based on norm of whiteness Race and Place is a problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics.What is ethnicity and territory? Ethnicity and Territory is a socially created system of rules about who belongs to a particular group based upon actual or perceived commonalities. Ethnicity is a complex cultural category constituted through shared history and often through language, religion and an attachment to a particular place. Territory is a basis for ethnic groups cohesion What is nationality?Nationality is the legal relationship with the state and is all tied up in our cultures and how we perceive other cultures. Gender and other identitiesReflecting social differences between men and women It is socially and culturally created. Women in poor areas bear the greatest social and economic burden and the most suffering. Hybridity is meant to convey a mixing of different typesEmergent Cultural Geographies Actor Network Theory: views the world as composed of heterogeneous things including humans and objects; it recognizes that humans coexist with nonhumans in a network that includes all sorts of social and material bits and pieces. Ex. Actor network is a family Non-representational Theory: understands human life as a process that is always unfolding, always becoming something different. Materialism: emphasizes that the material world is at least partly separate from humans and possesses the power to affect humans.Values and Beliefs Systems Beliefs, space, and place Values are meanings and knowledge about good and bad, truth and falsehood, moral ways of life. Values shape a lot practices and way of life. Functions of Values 1. Form personal/ moral identities 2. Frame group solidarity, affiliation 3. Provide in-group consensus People demonstrate adhesions to values When you belong to a group you share their values 4. Provide principles for maintaing identity 5. Help make sense of behavior Values create belief systemsBelief Systems Any type of system needs belief in order to work. Religion is a belief system and a set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humankind. Religion: Compassion, Awe, Devotion, Obedience, forgiveness, generosity and justice.Hearth Areas are also areas of innovation and culture (religion), which have emerged in these areas. Christianity and Islam originated from Fertile crescent Hinduism emerged 4000 years ago in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Buddhism emerged from the subcontinent of India and developed from Hinduism in 500 BC Culture has spread through colonialism and