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Astronomy 101 The Solar System Tuesday, Thursday 2:30-3:45 pm Hasbrouck 20 Tom Burbine [email protected] CourseOffice HoursHomeworkAstronomy InformationFinalHW #20 and 21Exam #4What’s the difference?What’s the difference?Why are these things important?Why are these things important?MoonRecord of Early Solar SystemResourcesMeaning of Asteroid216 KleopatraAsteroid Flyby951 Gaspra (taken by Galileo spacecraft)243 Ida (taken by Galileo spacecraft)Ida has a satellite DactylNEAR-Shoemaker mission to 433 ErosSlide Number 23Slide Number 24433 ErosHubble Image of 4 VestaSlide Number 27Dawn Spacecraft will visit 4 Vesta and 1 CeresTitius-Bode LawSlide Number 30So …But …Slide Number 33Slide Number 34CurrentlySlide Number 36Asteroid FamiliesAsteroid FamiliesHow are these objects named?Half Month DiscoveryOrder within MonthAsteroids discovered between Sept 16-30 of 1995Asteroid Numbers and NamesAsteroid NumbersAsteroid NamesAsteroid NamesThe Hayabusa MissionSlide Number 48Hayabusa targetMission OverviewSlide Number 51Mission GoalsInstrumentationSlide Number 54Slide Number 55Slide Number 56Asteroids as Geologic BodiesSlide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Energy of an impactEnergy of an impactEnergy of Nuclear BombsEnergy of an ImpactEnergy of an ImpactThe EffectsThe EffectsThe EffectsSlide Number 69Slide Number 70Slide Number 71What is important to know about possible incoming asteroids?How could you deflect an asteroid?MeteoriteWhy are meteorites important?Why are meteorites important?MoonMeteoritesMeteoritesMore evidence …Then ..Thomas JeffersonAnd respondedMeteoritesMeteoriteMeteoritesMeteoritesSlide Number 88Slide Number 89MeteoritesMeteoritesFalls and FindsFall Statistics (greater than 1%)Where is the best place to find meteorites on Earth?Where is the best place to find meteorites on Earth?Slide Number 96Antarctic MeteoritesHow do you know a rock is a meteorite?Meteor-wrongsSlide Number 100Slide Number 101Basic typesTypes of Stony MeteoritesSlide Number 104Ordinary ChondritesCarbonaceous ChondritesCarbonaceous ChondritesCI1 chondriteSlide Number 109CM2 chondriteCV3 chondriteCV3 chondriteDifferenceOther types of chondritesSlide Number 115AchondritesEucritesDiogenitesHowarditesAubritesAngritesIronsWidmanstätten patternSlide Number 124IronsAtaxiteOctahedriteHexahedriteStony-IronsPallasiteAny Questions?Astronomy 101The Solar SystemTuesday, Thursday2:30-3:45 pmHasbrouck 20Tom [email protected]• Course Website:– http://blogs.umass.edu/astron101-tburbine/• Textbook:– Pathways to Astronomy (2nd Edition) by Stephen Schneider and Thomas Arny.•You also will need a calculator.Office Hours• Mine• Tuesday, Thursday - 1:15-2:15pm•Lederle Graduate Research Tower C 632• Neil• Tuesday, Thursday - 11 am-noon • Lederle Graduate Research Tower B 619-OHomework• We will use Spark•https://spark.oit.umass.edu/webct/logonDisplay.dowebct• Homework will be due approximately twice a weekAstronomy Information• Astronomy Help Desk• Mon-Thurs 7-9pm• Hasbrouck 205•The Observatory should be open on clear Thursdays • Students should check the observatory website at: http://www.astro.umass.edu/~orchardhillfor updated information• There's a map to the observatory on the website.Final• Monday - 12/14 • 4:00 pm• Hasbrouck 20HW #20 and 21• Due next TuesdayExam #4• This Thursday•Covers material from November 10-24• Review Session – Wed. at 6 pm in Hasbrouck 134What’s the difference?• Asteroids• Comets• MeteoritesWhat’s the difference?• Asteroids - small, solid objects in the Solar System• Comets - small bodies in the Solar System that (at least occasionally) exhibit a coma (or atmosphere) and/or a tail • Meteorites - small extraterrestrial body that reaches the Earth's surfaceWhy are these things important?Why are these things important?• These things can hit us (and possibly kill us)• They are records of the early solar system• They could be sources of material for miningMoonRecord of Early Solar System• Meteorites usually have ages of ~4.6 billion years• Asteroids and comets are thought to be the building blocks of the terrestrial planetsResources• In outer space, it may be easier (and less expensive) to extract raw materials from asteroids or comets then to bring them from Earth•Raw materials include water, iron, aluminum, chromiumMeaning of Asteroid• Asteroid means “star-like”•Called vermin of the sky by astronomers216 KleopatraAsteroid Flyby• Movie• Images of 2002 NY40 on August 15-16 • Asteroid has diameter of 700 meters• 524,000 kilometers from Earth (1.3 times the distance of the Earth to the Moon)• Movie over 2 hour time period951 Gaspra (taken by Galileo spacecraft)• 20 x 12 x 11 km • Galileo spacecraft flew by this asteroid243 Ida (taken by Galileo spacecraft)• 56 x 24 x 21 kilometers•Galileo spacecraft flew by this asteroidIda has a satellite DactylNEAR-Shoemaker mission to 433 Eros• NEAR stands for Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous• Shoemaker is for Gene Shoemaker• Launch date: Feb. 17, 1996• The first of four scheduled rendezvous burns on December 20, 1998 aborted due to a software problem• Rendezvous delayed for a year•Orbital insertion around Eros occurred on February 14, 200013 × 13 × 33 km433 Eros• Surface of 433 Eros• Landing of NEAR-Shoemaker on ErosHubble Image of 4 VestaDawn Spacecraft will visit 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres• Launched September 27, 2007• Will orbit Vesta in 2011-2012• Will orbit Ceres in 2015http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dawn_Flight_Configuration_2.jpgTitius-Bode Law• The mean distance a (AU) of the planet from the Sun:• a = 0.4 + 0.3 x k • where k=0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 (0 followed by the powers of two)• 1 astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance from the Earth to the SunPlanet (when discovered)Mercuryk0Titius-Bode Distance0.4Actual Distance0.39Venus 1 0.7 0.72Earth 2 1.0 1.00Mars 4 1.6 1.52? 8 2.8 ?Jupiter 16 5.2 5.20Saturn 32 10.0 9.54Uranus (1781) 64 19.6 19.2Neptune (1846) - - 30.1Pluto (1930) 128 38.8 39.5So …• Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized a group of 24 astronomers to search the sky for the "missing planet" • But the first asteroid, 1 Ceres, was not discovered by a member of the group, but rather by accident in 1801 by Giuseppe PiazziBut …• Three other asteroids (2 Pallas, 3 Juno, 4 Vesta) were discovered over the next few years (1802-1807)• After
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