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MIT AST 101 - The Solar System

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Astronomy 101 The Solar System Tuesday, Thursday Tom Burbine [email protected] 3HW #10, #11, #12, #13, and #14What Planet do we know the most about?EarthSlide 7Slide 8Earth’s crustEarth is made of mineralsMineralOlivinePyroxenesSlide 14Forming Different MineralogiesSlide 16What minerals form?Types of RocksIgneous RockMetamorphismSedimentarySlide 22Oldest rocks on EarthSlide 24How do we know what’s in the interior of the Earth?Slide 26Seismic WavesSlide 28Surface WavesSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Richter ScaleSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41How do we get information?Which of these bodies have they used seismic waves to study?How can you study the interior of a planet from space?DensityGravityMagnetic FieldSlide 48Slide 49Earth’s magnetic field is believed to be caused by the convection of molten iron, within the outer liquid core along with the rotation of the planetSlide 51Slide 52Slide 53North Magnetic PoleSlide 55Geomagnetic ReversalsSlide 57What may happen during the reversal?Van Allen BeltsSlide 60Slide 61Slide 62James Van AllenAurorasRocks on the SurfaceSlide 66Slide 67LithosphereSlide 69Slide 70Heating of PlanetHow does the planetary interior cool off?Slide 73Slide 74Plate TectonicsPangeaSlide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Three Types of Plate Tectonic BoundariesDivergent plate boundaryWhen lava coolsSlide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Hot spotsSlide 90Slide 91Earth’s AtmosphereAirSlide 94Slide 95Greenhouse EffectSlide 97Stefan-Boltzman LawSlide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Contribution to Greenhouse EffectSlide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Any Questions?Astronomy 101The Solar SystemTuesday, ThursdayTom [email protected]•Course Website:–http://blogs.umass.edu/astron101-tburbine/•Textbook:–Pathways to Astronomy (2nd Edition) by Stephen Schneider and Thomas Arny.•You also will need a calculator.•There is an Astronomy Help Desk that is open Monday-Thursday evenings from 7-9 pm in Hasbrouck 205.•There is an open house at the Observatory every Thursday when it’s clear. Students should check the observatory website before going since the times may change as the semester progresses and the telescope may be down for repairs at times. The website is http://www.astro.umass.edu/~orchardhill/index.html.HW #10, #11, #12, #13, and #14•Due March 30th at 1 pmWhat Planet do we know the most about?Earth•The planet we know best•70% covered with waterhttp://college.cengage.com/geology/resources/protected/physicallab/thelab/interior/index.htmEarth’s crust•46.6% O•27.7% Si•8.1% Al •5.0% Fe •3.6% Ca•2.8% Na•2.6% K •2.1% MgEarth is made of mineralsMineral•A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystal structure•~4,000 known minerals–100 can be called "common" –50 are "occasional“–the rest are "rare" to "extremely rare".Olivine•(Mg, Fe)2SiO4•Fayalite (Fa) - Fe2SiO4•Forsterite (Fo) - Mg2SiO4Pyroxenes•Examples:•Enstatite - Mg2Si2O6•Ferrosilite - Fe2Si2O6•Augite - (Ca, Na)(Mg, Fe, Al)(Al, Si) 2O6 Augite Ferrosilite•Mineral – A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystal structure•Rock - naturally occurring aggregate of mineralsForming Different Mineralogies•Can be on a planet-scale•Or a few meters to kilometershttp://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/8Igneous_rocks/Slide16.jpgSome minerals formbefore other mineralsWhat minerals form?•Depends on the composition of the magma•Depends how quickly the magma coolsTypes of Rocks•Igneous – rock that solidified from molten or partially molten material•Metamorphic - rock that has changed in composition, mineral content, texture, or structure by the application of heat or pressure•Sedimentary – rock formed from material that was deposited as sediment by water, wind, or ice and then compressed and cementedIgneous Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magma.jpgMetamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Quartzite.jpgQuartziteSedimentary•Examples of two types of sedimentary rock: limey shale overlaid by limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Limestoneshale7342.jpg•Rock formed from sediments covers 75-80% of the Earth's land areaOldest rocks on Earth•Oldest dated mineral–zircon mineral (ZrSiO4) with an age of 4.404 billion years enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia.–Zircons contain trace amounts of uranium and thorium •Oldest rock on Earth–The Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada has zircons with an age of 4.031 billion years.•Other rocks may be older (but are still being argued about)ZirconHow do we know what’s in the interior of the Earth?How do we know what’s in the interior of the Earth?•Seismic Waves – vibrations created by earthquakesSeismic Waves•P waves – primary waves – (pushing) – travel faster – can travel through anything•S waves – secondary – (side to side) – travel slower – only through solids•http://alomax.free.fr/alss/examples/hodo/hodo_example.htmlSurface Waves•Travel on the surface of the Earth•Love Wave – side by side•http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/images/Love_animation.gif•Rayleigh Wave – rolling movement•http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/images/Rayleigh_animation.gif•Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wavesP (primary) wavesS (secondary) wavesSurface waves: Rayleigh and Love wavesRichter Scale•Measures the magnitude of an earthquake•Single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. Amplitude of largest displacement•Under 6.0 - At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings.•6.1-6.9 - Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live.•7.0-7.9 - Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas.•8 or greater - Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across.How do we get information?•The precise speed and direction of the waves depends on the composition, density, pressure, temperature, and phase (solid or liquid)Which of these bodies have they used seismic waves to study?How can you study the interior of


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MIT AST 101 - The Solar System

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SYLLABUS

SYLLABUS

92 pages

Exam #1

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8 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

10 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

10 pages

Exam #3

Exam #3

10 pages

Exam #2

Exam #2

13 pages

Syllabus

Syllabus

104 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

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