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Astronomy 101 The Solar System Tuesday, Thursday Tom Burbine [email protected] 3Exam #4HWFinal GradesAsteroids as Geologic Bodies951 Gaspra (taken by Galileo spacecraft)243 Ida (taken by Galileo spacecraft)Ida has a satellite DactylNEAR-Shoemaker mission to 433 ErosSlide 12Slide 13433 ErosHubble Image of 4 VestaSlide 16Dawn Spacecraft will visit 4 Vesta and 1 CeresThe Hayabusa MissionSlide 19Hayabusa targetMission OverviewSlide 22Mission GoalsInstrumentationSlide 25Slide 26Slide 27SampleSlide 29MeteoriteWhy are meteorites important?Slide 32MoonMeteoritesSlide 35More evidence …Then ..Thomas JeffersonAnd respondedSlide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Falls and FindsFall Statistics (greater than 1%)Where is the best place to find meteorites on Earth?Slide 51Slide 52Antarctic MeteoritesHow do you know a rock is a meteorite?Meteor-wrongsSlide 56Slide 57Basic typesTypes of Stony MeteoritesSlide 60Ordinary ChondritesCarbonaceous ChondritesSlide 63CI1 chondriteSlide 65CM2 chondriteCV3 chondriteSlide 68DifferenceOther types of chondritesSlide 71AchondritesEucritesDiogenitesHowarditesAubritesAngritesIronsWidmanstätten patternSlide 80Slide 81AtaxiteOctahedriteHexahedriteStony-IronsPallasiteCometsWhen were comets first discovered?Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Tempel 1 pre-impactHalley’s CometSlide 100Types of CometsSlide 102Comet HalleySlide 104CompositionAn Icy Conglomerate NucleusSlide 107Slide 108Slide 109Any Questions?Astronomy 101The Solar SystemTuesday, ThursdayTom [email protected]•Course Website:–http://blogs.umass.edu/astron101-tburbine/•Textbook:–Pathways to Astronomy (2nd Edition) by Stephen Schneider and Thomas Arny.•You also will need a calculator.Exam #4•Median score is 80•Average score was 77.3•Grades ranged from a 30 to 100sHW•Homework #21, #22, and #23 are due by May 4th at 1 pmFinal Grades•Grades so far for people who have taken all 4 exams•4 exams plus average of HWs #1-20•Median Grade – 81.9•Average Grade – 80.5•Grades range from a 50.3 to a 98.3Asteroids as Geologic Bodies•Asteroids are composed of different minerals•Asteroids tend to be covered by craters•Asteroids have a regolith (particulate surface)25143 Itokawa (535 × 294 × 209 m) http://homepage.ntlworld.com/heather.hobden1/Itokawa.jpg http://www.astro.cornell.edu/~richardson/Seismic/ponds.gif433 Eros http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap951020.html951 Gaspra (taken by Galileo spacecraft)•20 x 12 x 11 km •Galileo spacecraft flew by this asteroid243 Ida (taken by Galileo spacecraft)•56 x 24 x 21 kilometers•Galileo spacecraft flew by this asteroidIda has a satellite DactylNEAR-Shoemaker mission to 433 Eros•NEAR stands for Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous•Shoemaker is for Gene Shoemaker•Launch date: Feb. 17, 1996•The first of four scheduled rendezvous burns on December 20, 1998 aborted due to a software problem•Rendezvous delayed for a year•Orbital insertion around Eros occurred on February 14, 200013 × 13 × 33 km433 Eros•Surface of 433 Eros•Landing of NEAR-Shoemaker on ErosHubble Image of 4 VestaDawn Spacecraft will visit 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres•Launched September 27, 2007•Will orbit Vesta in 2011-2012•Will orbit Ceres in 2015http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dawn_Flight_Configuration_2.jpgThe Hayabusa MissionJapanese mission to return a sample from an asteroidHayabusa target0.80.911.11.21.31.41.51.60.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4Wavelength (microns)Normalized Reflectance25143 Itokawa (Binzel et al., 2001)Greenwell Springs (LL4)Mission Overview•Hayabusa means ‘falcon’ in Japanese•Mission Statement – “to bring back samples from and asteroid and investigate the mysteries of the Solar System”•Launched May 9, 2003•Flew to 25143 Itokawa (formerly 1998 SF36), named for Hideo Itokawa who was the father of the Japanese space programMission Goals•Make contact with and land on Itokawa•Gather samples of regolith on the surface•Return samples to Earth for study•Test new technologies for future missions–Ion engines–Autonomous navigation system - approaches the target far away without human guidance –Asteroid landing and sample collection system–Re-entry capsule systemInstrumentation•XRS – X-ray based spectrometer•ONC – Optical Navigation Camera•LIDAR – LIght Detection And Ranger•Minerva - MIcro/Nano Experimental Robot Vehicle for Asteroid, ‘hopper lander’•Re-entry capsule – capable of withstanding heat 30 times that of the Apollo ship and forces 25 times the acceleration of gravity•dimensions 540 meters by 270 meters by 210 metersSample•Sample container will hopefully land in Australia this JuneMeteorsMeteorite•A small extraterrestrial body that reaches the Earth's surfaceWhy are meteorites important?Why are meteorites important?•They are primarily fragments of asteroids, which can hit us•They are records of the early solar systemMoonMeteorites•Usually have ages of ~4.6 billion years•Asteroids and comets are thought to be the building blocks of the terrestrial planetsMeteorites•Many early cultures recognized (or believed) certain stones as having fallen from the sky•Many early cultures had tools made from iron meteorites•But to the scientists of the Renaissance and later periods, stones falling from the heavens were considered superstition or heresyMore evidence …•In 1492, a meteorite weighing almost 130 kilograms landed near the town of Ensisheim, Alsace, France, then in the hands of GermanyThen ..• In 1794, Ernst Friedrich Chladni, considered the father of meteoritics, published a book in which he concluded that stone and iron masses did fall out of the sky•In 1803, thousands of meteorite fragments bombarded L'Aigle in Normandy, France, an event investigated by Jean-Baptiste Biot of the French Academy of Science.Thomas Jefferson•Meteorite landed in Weston, CT•It was brought to Yale where it was concluded it was from outer space•Thomas Jefferson, President of the United states, was told about itAnd responded•"Gentlemen, I would rather believe that two Yankee professors would lie than believe that stones fall from heaven."Meteorites•Named after a nearby geographic localityMeteorite•Esquel Pallasite•Found in Esquel, ArgentinaMeteorites•Almost all are thought to be fragments of asteroids•Where else can they come from?Meteorites•Almost all are thought to be
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