BIOL 101 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI All forms of life share common properties a Properties and processes associated with life b Evolution In life s hierarchy of organization new properties emerge at each level a Biosphere to the cell b Emergent properties Cells are the structural and functional units of life a What do cells do b Types of cells c Systems Organisms interact with their environment exchanging matter and energy a Producers consumers decomposers The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code a The structure of DNA The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains a Bacteria b Archaea c Eukarya Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life a Natural selection Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about nature a Types of data b Types of reasoning c Hypothesis and theory Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results a Testing and experiments Biology technology and society are connected in important ways a Technology Evolution is connected to our everyday lives a Evolutionary theory Outline of Current Lecture I What is biology II Properties associated with life III The process of science Inquiry based These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IV Lets apply what we have learned so far Current Lecture The Process of Science Class discussion I What is Biology The scientific study of life a In biology we ask and answer questions to understand the natural world II Properties associated with life a order living things possess very complex organization b reproduction organisms reproduce on their own c growth and development the information that we inherit in our DNA controls patterns of growth and development d energy processing energy comes in different forms and is used to power the activity of living organisms e response to the environment organisms respond to stimuli in their environment f regulation living organisms can regulate their internal environment g evolutionary adaptations organisms adapt to the environment over time so that they have reproductive success III The Process of Science Inquiry based a In general the process of science involves i Make an observation ii Ask a question iii Formulate a hypothesis 1 What is a hypothesis A proposed explanation for a set of observations 2 How is a hypothesis different than a theory A theory is supported by a large and growing body of evidence iv Testing predictions 1 Designing experiments 2 Collecting data a Quantitative Something that you can measure tends to deal with numbers b Qualitative results that are observed not measured c Positive results supports the hypothesis d Negative results result that does not support the hypothesis v Draw a conclusion Example of the process of science from your book and also from UNC Biology Mimicry in North Carolina snakes Mimicry when two different species resemble on another What is the function of mimicry It reduces the harmless animals risk of being eaten IV Lets apply what we have learned so far Fill in the second table by matching a description from the first table the column on the left with a word from the column on the right in this table The order of which these appear in your table should ALSO be consistent with the process of science as you now know it Some orca pods in the Northeast Atlantic eat fish yet some pods prefer marine mammals Observation Have orcas diverged in the Northeast Atlantic such that they now comprise two genetically distinct populations with different prey preferences Question Orcas eat fish because they have evolved over time and are now genetically different from orcas that eat marine mammals in the Northeast Atlantic Hypothesis Collect DNA samples in the North Atlantic from living whales that eat fish living whales that eat marine mammals and compare these to ancient DNA samples from whales that ate marine mammals Experiment There is no genetic evidence that the orca population that feasts on fish alone is different from those that dine on seals Results and Conclusion Did the data collected in this study provide a positive or negative result A negative result It turns out Some of the study populations that previously were considered fish only diners also feast on mammals the team s research shows For instance the scientists collected samples from a family pod of six orcas that aboriginal hunters in East Greenland had killed Each whale had a seal pup in its stomach Foote says yet their teeth were worn like those of the herring hunting whales seen off Iceland Orcas have lived much longer in the waters of the Pacific Northwest because 10 000 years ago the North Atlantic was all ice