PSYC 410 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Pattern RecognitionII. Framework for Studying PerceptionIII. Signal Detection TheoryIV. Theories of PerceptionOutline of Current Lecture I. Shaping Experiencea. Key Issuesb. ConceptsII. Auditory AttentionIII. Visual AttentionIV. Social PrimingCurrent Lecture- Attention: Shaping Experienceo Key Issues: Why do we need attention? When does attentional selection take place? On what basis is attentional selection made? Receptor Meaningful Object What is the role of parallel processing? What, if anything, is the role of consciousness? Consciousness is the end productof all the processeso Concepts: Automatic (bottom-up) vs. controlled (top-down) processing: Apollo Robbins, “The Gentleman Thief” (really good at picking pockets by deceiving you and manipulating the brains ability to focus, our brain has a difficult time keeping track of more than one thing)o Phenomena: Auditory AttentionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- The “cocktail party phenomenon”- Dichotic listening paradigm: participant wears headphones and puts something they are attending to in the one ear, and what they aren’t attending to in the other ear. At end the end you ask what they remember from one ear and then the other. They are able to tell you what was heard in the attending ear, but not in the unattending ear (they can say whether it was male or female) Visual (Spatial) Attention- Primingo You can manipulate one thing to get a response you want to receive. First presentation is the prime. Second presentation is the target.o Identity priming is especially powerfulo Spatial cues>Physical cues>semantic cues (the weakest)o Social Priming: Derren Brown: primed by all the subliminal things on the taxi ride to come up with the ideas for a taxidermyshop- Priming Controversies : Social Primingo One study: making sentences out of words on the board that involved old people, then they measured how long it took for the people to walk down the hallway.o More and more studies have failed to replicateo Any given medicine on any given disease is going to have different effects on every different persono Theories James on Attention- Cause theories: a distinct point on the line that was a choice.- Effect theories: What we are experiencing is the effect of something else. You can see something, but the effect it has on you is outside your consciousness Cause Theories- Broadbent’s Filter Theoryo Multiple inputs to sensory registerattention selects one channel to processConsciousness (gateway to memory formation)long-term memoryo Treisman’s Attenuation theory Multiple inputs to sensory registerAttention attenuates nonselected channelsConsciousness (Experiment determined by activation thresholds of representations in long-term memory)Long-term memory Instead of thinking of all or none, it’s more like turning down the strength on a water pipe, which means it is still getting processed but the strength of it is lowered.- Effect Theorieso Nonattention Theory (Freud): LTM (long-term memory) as Filter Multiple inputs to sensory registerLTM selects one channel to processConsciousness (Consciousness is the product of processing, not an active agent in processing)  All inputs fully processed for meaning (cf. Freud &”Subliminal Perception”) Your attention is grabbed by what is going on in the unconsciouso Schema