PSYC 410 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Mind as Symbol SystemOutline of Current Lecture II. Continuation of the Mind as Symbol System III. Introduction to Formal System ReasoningIV. The Cartesian Concept of Mind, 2.0 (SSH)V. SSH 2.1 Modularity Current LectureMind as Symbol System- Speculation- Realization- Purpose: Feedback- The First Practical Computers- Interpreted Formal SystemsFormal System ReasoningI. Either Fonebone or Rocco murdered Captain Klutz.II. If Fonebone did it, his DNA is on the knife.III. Fonebone’s DNA is not on the knife.IV. Therefore, Fonebone did not murder Klutz; andV. Therefore, Rocco murdered Captain Klutz.Tocans(1) F V R(2) F ¬ D(3) ~ DTHEREFORE:(4) ~ F (FROM 2 AND 3 BY MODUS TOLLENS)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.(5) R (FROM 1 BY DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM)Mind as Symbol System- Speculation- Realization- Purpose: Feedback- The First Practical Computers- Meaning: Interpreted Formal Systems- Intelligence: The Turing Testo Alan Turning (1912-1954) o Can a machine be intelligent?Mind as Symbol - System- Speculation- Realization- The Symbol System Hypothesis - (Functionalism)o Newell & Simon: The General Problem Solver (The Logic Theorist)o We are similar to computerso Computers are letter manipulators- Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence: Representations that Do Things (The Johnniac)Mind Design- Levels of Processing (David Marr) vision, think about theory- The cognitive level (top level)- The algorithm level- Pure AI vs. Computer Simulation- The implementation level (bottom level)Summary: The Cartesian Concept of Mind, 2.0 (SSH)- Computationalism: Cognition is the manipulation of- Representations (in strong form, amodal) by- Formal logical rules- Neurocentrism: Cognitive processes occur only in the mind/brain- Bodily Indifference- Computers and humans are informavores (use information)- Separability thesis & multiple realizabilityProblems with the SSH- Computational Tractabilityo The Frame Problem Fire exampleo The Real Time Problem Snake Example The Frame Problem allows us to solve The Real Time ProblemSSH 2.1 Modularity (Jerry Fodor B. 1935)- Modules are- Innate- Proprietary (e.g., visual processing)- Fast (seeing is easy)- Mandatory (can’t choose not to see)- Encapsulated (illusions don’t go away)Implications of Modularity (LEDA COSMIDES B. 1957JOHN TOOBY B. 1962)- Real - Time and Frame Problem Solved for Modules- Central Processor Remains Mysterious- Marr’s framework can’t be applied to the central processor- Possible Solution: Massive Modularity (Cosmides & Tooby’s Evolutionary Psychology)Critique of the SSH (JOHN SEARLE B. 1932)- Computational Tractability- The Frame Problem- The Real Time Problem- Searle’s Chinese Room- Strong vs. Weak AI- Residual Dualism of the