PSYC 410 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Information Processinga. System 1 and System 2II. Key Concepts of Information ProcessingIII. Sensory Memory Registering the WorldOutline of Current Lecture I. Pattern RecognitionII. Framework for Studying PerceptionIII. Signal Detection TheoryIV. Theories of PerceptionCurrent Lecture Pattern Recognition: The Computational Problem- Recognizing chairs in different orientations and positions- Seeing these objects as objects is a difficult taskFrameworks for Studying Perception (Marr’s Level One: Defining the Cognitive Task to be Accomplished)- Ambiguous figure. The duck rabbit figureFrameworks for Studying Perception- From Stimulus to Percept: Brunswik’s Lens Model of Perception- From Percept to Action: Signal Detection Theoryo Take some kind of action. Action will affect the way we see the world. Perceive the worldLens Model of Perception- Proximal object. See throw retinaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Gives off cues… put them all together to make a single judgment to figure out what the object is- Person Perception (Social Psychology)o Like or don’t like someoneo Integrating information from the person you are talking too Traits and appearances  Make a judgment  Gives us a way to think about the problem to solveSignal Detection Theory- Information processing theory- Perception and action trade off from each other- It picks up a signal of a pattern of noise- Applies to cocktail party phenomenon- Applies to vision too- Always a noise in the background- Job is to pick up the signal (if its there)o Ex. Sonar operator on a destroyer- May or not be a signalSDT: Possible Outcomes of a Perceptual Decision (4)- Stimuluso Present SNo Absent N- Responseo “Yes”o “No”SDT d’ (sensitivity): A hard choice- Might be really close together- Faint signalo Hard to detect against noiseo Ex. Gorilla suit (slide 37) everybody has a gorilla suitSDT d’: An easy choice- Might be easyo Ex. Gorilla in a marathon only one man in gorilla suitSDT But importance counts- Behavior comes in- HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO MAKE THE RIGHT DESCION- Miss the gorilla- What you perceive depends on your behavioro Current state of doing affects perceptionSDT Setting a Criterion- Chart- Sonar Submarine: Conservative criteriono If war time Liberal criterion- CAN’T MAKE BOTH OF THEM- Ex. Criminal systemo Guilty person free or Innocent person guilty- Can’t be perfect, false alarms, missesTheories of PerceptionAssociationism The Lego/Mosaic Theory- Perception can be broking down in pieces- See a dog…Stimulus Error (Titchener’s)- Not a dog, we have to make that descionThe Gestalt PsychologistsMax Wertheimer (1880–1943) founder the movementWolfgang Köhler (1887–1967) Kurt Koffka (1887–1941)- The Lego/Mosaic way is a stupid way to think about perceptionPattern Recognition Gestalt Psychology- Gestalt Psychologyo Rejecting The Associative Way of Ideas Framework The “Bundle Hypothesis” (Wertheimer)- Your concept of the plane is the bundle of bits o It’s stupid- You see meaningful objects from the beginning The “Constancy Hypothesis” (Köhler)- Every stimulation point in conscienceso The Gestalt Research Program The Phi phenomenon  Direct stimulation at 2 points Apparent motion from point A to B Seeing stuff that’s not thereo Realism: Perception of Meaningful ObjectsRefuting the Atomistic Hypotheses: The Kanizsa Triangle- Feels presence of triangle that is not there- Perceive the whole and put the missing parts in there- Automatically want to organize put in stuff that no thereRefuting the Atomistic Hypotheses: The E/T Illusion- 2 circles in middle are the same size- Dynamically interactive- The circles around it affect perception- Motor sense is not fooled, visual system is fooledPattern Recognition Gestalt Psychology- Principles of Perceptual Organizationo The Laws of Perceptiono Figure and Ground Closure: principal is innate they complete the circle Continuation: group smiley faces together but don’t group sad faces Similarity: things that are similar grouped together Proximity: rows and columns groupsFigure and Ground- See object against some backgroundo Vase vs. faceProblem - Doesn’t tell us how it works- Thought that the brain had fields of electrical force- Doesn’t tell us the mechanism that tell us how to perceiveTemplate Matching- Letter RFeature Detection o Pandemonium Take input and break down into pieces Even a computer can do Number group Each thing has a simple job Each thing produces a degree of out put For the letter groups Listen to the output that goes with letter Big guy has to make a simple decision- Who is shouting the loudesto Neural Plausibility (connectionism)o Shortcomings- Prototypeso Who’s the bachelor (=unmarried male)?o Hue Heffner, Pope Francis (not a bachelor), Raulph