PSYC 410 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 14 - 19- Controlled vs. automatic processing- Automatic processing = passive attention; can’t stop it; occurs whether you want it to or not- Bottom-up (data-driven) vs. top-down (conceptually-driven) processing-Bottom-Up = something that grabs your attention in the world (ex: a telephone ringing)-Top-down = making a choice as to what you want to pay attention to (decision-making attention)- Rehearsal, including its two forms-Elaborative- requires association encoding into long term memory -Maintenance (REPEAT IT OVER AND OVER AGAIN TO YOURSELF) - (Wertheimer)Bundle and constancy hypotheses ----Bundle : associative ways of ideas framework, concept that an arrow(certain parts on the retina) is a mental idea in a space of consciousness, bundle of little association glued togetherConstancy Hypotheses (Coler) – passive mirror that reflects what’s out there, (reality)Both associative ways of perception Gestalts rejects these ideas- They look at things synergy…look at the whole because its not going to tell us enough- Phi phenomenon ---- illusion of perceiving continuous action, example: watching a movie---- the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; consciousness and perception are dynamic – we influence perception Important: what we see is not exactly there, we are filling in the gaps on perception on things- Early and late selection in attention-Early items are remembered well (primary effect) cause theories-Middle items are not remembered well-Late items (the last items repeated) are remembered well (recency effect) effect theories- Cocktail party phenomenon Dichotic listening- Dichotic listening Paradigm – participant wears headphone and you force attention to one side (SHADOWING: REPEATINGWHAT YOU HEAR), one ear you have to shadow the other side has a non-related noise being made, then you ask to repeat what was said. Youcan’t, only intrusive noise or if it was male or female. (sensory is all that is processed so you can’t recall the meaning) Ex: concentrating on a single voice amongst being in a crowded or busy atmosphere- Cause vs. effect theories of attention- William James- Attention is a causing mechanism- Active process- Effect: a consequence of other process in the mind- They are both (cause and effect theories) relevant there is evidence but like the cause on from moral standpoint- Schema- cognitive pyridine, where thinking and perception happens -organized piece of information stored in memory (generic)-implicit knowledge; governs behavior- Content addressability----has to do with retrieving info;- Based on its address, you can know something about its content (ex: a library book has codes that can give us a basis as to what a book entails)- Our memories and semantic memory are content addressable- Category clustering- The DRM paradigm- Example: Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon = paradox of memory- Encoding specificity principle- state depending learning. If you learn in a mood you have to take the test in that mood. Example learn to play darts when you were drunk you’d be better at playing when you are drunk - Frames (Minsky) and scripts (Schank)- related to schemas and long term memory—Script understanding what actions are appropriate; actions, process and activityFrames : representation to a stereotypical idea; such as the idea of what a living room should look like (class example: idea of what a college graduate’s dorm room should look like: it should have a desk, typewriter, etc. but it DIDN’T have books-what you would usually assume). Top levels are fixed, while lower levels will have slots to be filled with new perception. PICTUREMinsky-tried to formalize the notion of the schema; -wanted to structure knowledge in a computer how humans do (formularize how the schema works and to program it)Schank = scripts are very deep and powerful (schemas for a series of events)- Instantiation-four stages selection, abstraction, interpretation, and integration-Process by which we retrieve info from long term memory to encode incoming stimuli—process of filling in the gaps(Instantiation) -filling in episodic memory; knowledge is melding on two things…a combination of abstract information and episodic recollection.Chapter 8- 7 sins of memory:absent mindness- forgetting, not paying attention, not encoding information properlytransience – (degradual decay)blocking- cant store, something it preventing you to learn something new, misleading clue misattribution-confuse source of info, don’t have a good source for informationsuggestibility asking a leading questionbiases -memory is distorted by a prior knowledgePersistence- highly intrusive negative memory 1. Contrast the whole-report and partial report procedures for investigating sensory memory.2. Describe the characteristics of sensory memory, working (short-term) memory, and long-term memory in terms of capacity, mode of storage, and mode(s) of forgetting.Short Term Memory-we try to search our memories more efficiently through the grouping of words (category clustering) -how long does it take for an individual to retrieve information-holds about 4 items at a time-informaition already stored makes it difficult to process new information (interference)-Storage by REHEARSAL (maintenance and elaborative rehearsal) Long Term Memory-INFINITE CAPACITY -more like scaffolding than a file cabinet (as you build and the more you know)3. Describe the template-matching, feature detection/analysis, and prototype theories of pattern recognition.Template matching-see a stimuli and match it to a template. not happening in the mind. Useful in thinking about computer systemsFeature detection/analysis-Prototype theories-4. How did the Gestalt psychologists criticize traditional accounts of object perception?*Value a whole not the parts5. Describe any three Gestalt Laws of pattern recognition.Closure- innate principle in infants, example seeing a part of a circle but knowing it is a circle so it’s perceived as a whole instead of a partContinuation- grouping certain things together in a sequence ex. Phi phenomenaProximity-Figure and Ground- And example of interchanging the background and the figure in the pictureWe are engage with the figureAmbiguous Figure- Gestalts switch-Big in graphic design/visual perception!6. Describe the different levels of effectiveness of various forms of priming.o Priming: word that gets primed