PSYC 410 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Shaping Experiencea. Key Issuesb. ConceptsII. Auditory AttentionIII. Visual AttentionIV. Social PrimingOutline of Current Lecture I. James on AttentionA. Cause TheoriesB. Effect TheoriesII. Working Memory (Short Term)III. Long Term MemoryCurrent Lectureo Theories James on Attention- Cause theories: a distinct point on the line that was a choice.- Effect theories: What we are experiencing is the effect of something else. You can see something, but the effect it has on you is outside your consciousness Cause Theories- Broadbent’s Filter Theoryo Multiple inputs to sensory registerattention selects one channel to processConsciousness (gateway to memory formation)long-term memoryo Treisman’s Attenuation theory Multiple inputs to sensory registerAttention attenuates nonselected channelsConsciousness (Experiment determined by activation thresholds of These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Central ExecutiveVisuo-Spatial Sketch -PadVisual SemanticsEpisodic BufferEpisodic LTMPhonological LoopLanguagerepresentations in long-term memory)Long-term memory Instead of thinking of all or none, it’s more like turning down the strength on a water pipe, which means it is still getting processed but the strength of it is lowered.- Effect Theorieso Nonattention Theory (Freud): LTM (long-term memory) as Filter Multiple inputs to sensory registerLTM selects one channel to processConsciousness (Consciousness is the product of processing, not an active agent in processing)  All inputs fully processed for meaning (cf. Freud &”Subliminal Perception”) Your attention is grabbed by what is going on in the unconsciouso Schema Theory: structure set of ideas of event, person, place of expectations of what is supposed to happen or be there. The unattended information is not picked up because it doesn’t meet our expectations- Cognitive (change) Blindness: Rensinko Attention blindness (change blindness) o The flicker paradigm: it is difficult to pick up the change. We don’t build up really detailed representations in consciousness o The person replacement paradigm (Derren Brown)- Working Memory (Short-Term)o Demonstration: The Serial Position Effect The early/the final items are remembered well, but the middle is not. Rehearsal set: when you repeat certain items to help you remembero Characteristics Limited Capacity- Chunking: try to combine the items in some way,- 4-6 items: think of it as four slots Acoustic Encoding: pronounce/rehearse things when changing from visual Storage by Rehearsal- Maintenance Rehearsal- Elaborative Forgetting- Mainly interference- Decayo Baddeley’s Modeal Short term memory is a whole systemLong-Term Memory- Augustine and Marcel Prousto A: we tend to think of LTM as a store house and we go searching for the events in our past to find them and store them. You know it when you find it, but you don’t know it tobegin with. You recognize it when you see it but know before you go searching.o P: you self identity is tied up in the continuity of memory. Who you are is determined bywhat you can remember. Memory is uniquely human- Long-term memory goes way back- Common myths about Memoryo Memory is a recording of the past (not true) Memory is a reconstruction of experience and of the pasto It’s all in there There is forgetting, confusion, distortion, failure to encode, and source monitoring failureo Memories are stored experiences  Memories are rebound experiences Hippocampus: a place for memory - Beliefs help by general public contrast with expert memory researchers (Simon & Chabris, 2011)(what the public believes then what the experts say on these following topics)o Amnesiao Confident testimonyo Video memoryo Hypnosiso Unexpected events o Permanent Memory- Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909): on memory (1885)o First study of memoryo Learning as association formationo Method: serial learning of “nonsense” syllables Wanted to study the order Learn varies list about them Be able to investigate old association methods in a way to get viable results Findings:- The Curve of Forgetting: he discovered that most forgetting takes place immediately- Faces are special and you can remember them easier- Savings method- Taxonomies of LTMo Types of LTM: Psychological Criteria Semantic vs. Episodic (autobiographical) memory- Semantic: meaning relation- Episodic: time line relation, organized temporally  Declarative vs. Procedural Memory- Gilbert Riel- Declarative: you can talk about it- Procedural: is what you know how to do Implicit vs. Explicit Memory- E:being told and doing it (lost in amnesia)- I: you can change by being exposed without being