PSYC 410 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to Interdisciplinary FieldsII. What is Cognitive Science?III. The Ultimate GameOutline of Current Lecture IV. You Don’t Know Your Mind as Well as you ThinkV. Effort After Meaning: Consciousness and Memory are ConstructionsVI. The Brain is a Prediction MachineVII.What is the Mind?VIII.Problems with KnowledgeIX. Appearance and Reality: ResponsesX. Empiricist Information ProcessingXI. What is the object of knowledge?XII. The Scientific RevolutionXIII. Introduction to Rene DescartesXIV.Introduction to EmpiricismCurrent LectureAmbiguous Rotation- Bias- dots in cylendar formo Expectation can be bias because instructionso Beware stories starting “New study shows”COGNITIVE SCIENCE ( Historical Background: Philosophy of Mind)The Problem of MindWhat is a mind?- Concepts of mind outside science- Premodern Conceptions of Mind: Living vs. NonlivingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Personal Dualism in Hinduism, Christianity, and Islamo Hinduism believes in reincarnation body to bodyo Christianity and Islam religion believes on heaven and body dwelling- Nondualistic religious concepts: Buddhism’s doctrine of Anatta (no [substantial] soul]o Intuitiono No higher decision making process- Folk PsychologyI. Concepts of mind outside scienceII. Premodern Conceptions of MindIII. Greek psyche: Living vs. non-livingIV. Plato’s Dualisma. 3 souls in body b. Plato: emotions belong to body, not soul. Emotions is seen as bad purely rational,eliminate emotion.1. Rational soul: head, soul goes to heaven2. Spiritual soul: chest, fame and glory3. Desiring soul: stomach, genitalsa. Darker “sex, lust, hate”The Problem of KnowledgeOrigin of the Study of Cognition- The study of cognition has two faces, like a coin: One face is philosophical - -How can we obtain Truth? – I. the other is scientific/II. psychological -- How can we obtain truth?- The Greek Natural Philosophers: Science begins.- Appearance vs. Reality: Truth is hard to get.- Individuals (names) vs. Universals (concepts): Truth is more than immediate experience.- Plato’s Master Formulation of these Questions- Three answers have been proposed to these questions. Plato and Aristotle formulated the first versions of two of themProblem- Experience, Cognition and Knowledge are tenuously relatedAppearance and Reality: Responses- First Answer, Idealism 1.0: Plato says, “Your senses can deceive you.o Ex. Don’t trust them. Reach out with your reason, Luke (star wars refrence):Platonic Idealismo Imperfectly resembles because it’s a physical copy of a Form/Ideao Soul can know Form/Idea perfectly through reason or direct nonbodily perception (innate ideas)o Imperfectly perceives object because the body is imperfect- Second Answer, Empiricism 1.0: Aristotle says, “Your senses don’t deceive you, judgment(categorical perception) does .....o Object perceived via a representation in the mind. Formation of the representation results from immediate perception of the physical attributes of anobject plus resulting perceptual judgment about what object we are sensing. Hence, only sensation, rather than perception, is wholly trustworthy.Aristotle on Cognition- The Special Senses Empiricist Information Processing- Special Senses are Infallible- The Interior Senses carry out judgment and hence introduce error into experience and cognition (“immaculate perception”)- Empiricism: Sensation is guide and foundation of knowledge, but formed experience is fallible (top-down vs. bottom-up processing)- Two meanings of Empiricism- Experience Reflects the World- The Blank Slate (Skinner and Watson)What is the object of knowledge?I. Knowledge has a sensuous character -- Everybody so farII. Stoicism: Knowledge is a true proposition.a. True value…true or falseb. Thinks of the world as being a “human being”c. Not a picture, it’s a statementd. Talk about things that aren’t presente. Example. bachelorIII. Basis for computational theories of (disembodied) cognitionIV. Important notes on the Greek analysisV. Action (Behavior) is omitted from the study of cognition. Decision making and action were considered part of ethics -- practical reason -- (which then intimately involved political science), not psychology.VI. Universals taken to have Real ExistenceThe Scientific Revolution (The 17 th Century)- Machines is intelligible, predictable, you can control it. (Cathedral Clock)- Knowledge is power- Suggest people might be machines (muscles like springs)o Psychotherapy Psychology=prediction and control behaviorI. Creates (Issac Newton)II. Nominalism: No Forms or Essences (just names) knowledge is psychologicalIII. New Concept of Matter’s Attributes: Primary and Secondary Sense PropertiesIV. Concept of Consciousness created, hence distinction between what is subjective (psychology) and what is objective (science).a. Ex. Apple color subjective (psychology)- Moral judgementA Model of Consciousness- The camera obscura (dark)Creating the Modern Framework: Rene Descartes (1596-1650)- Mechanism- The “Beast Machineo Animals 100% pure machineso Vaucanson’s Duck Suggests consciousness can be measured- Concept of the Reflexo Stimulus=response ex. Foot to close to fireo Fire pulls on the threado Memory and learning in mechanical terms- Cogito ergo sum: The Invention of Consciousnesso “I think, therefore I am”o We know our consciousness best (Descrates)- Argument of the cogitoo I am thinking thing Dualism=body/soul- The Way of Ideas, aka, The Cartesian TheaterThe Cartesian Theater (Dennett)- Don’t see the world directlyDecartes’ Physiological Model Camera Obscura- Object perceive immediate received sensation. Idea non material mechanical processCreating the Modern Framework: Rene Descartes (1596-1650)- Human Soul vs. Animal Body- Self-Awareness vs. Simple Awareness- Flexibility vs. Rigid Reflex- The Central Importance of Language (most important)o First two depend on last featureRETHINKING THE KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONEmpiricism 2.0: Consciousness is constructed by a process of associative learning.Consequences: Consciousness and Early Information ProcessingSeparating sensation from perception.Modern Empiricism- Depth constructed, not perceivedo Examples: