BIOL 2457 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current LectureI. Homeostatic imbalanceII. Anatomical TerminologyIII. Anatomical PositionIV. TermsCurrent LectureI. Homeostatic imbalancea. Epidemiologyi. Discovering significance of those imbalances in populationsii. Looking at signs and symptoms associated with disorderb. Infectious Imbalancesi. Signs and symptoms1. Redness2. Swelling3. Temperature4. Past history? Is it new?5. Is it hereditary?II. Anatomical Terminologya. Craniumb. Orbitalc. Optic (ears) d. Buckle (Cheek)e. Nazalusf. Mouth (orus)g. Frontal boneh. Thorax (Above abdominalcavity)i. Trunkj. Abdomenk. Pelvicl. Naval m. Antibrachiumn. Brachiumo. Phalangesp. Back (Dorsal)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Anatomical Positiona. Prone position-body is lying face downb. Supine position-Body is lying face upIV. Termsa. Most principal regionsi. Head: Skull and faceii. Neck: Supports the head and attach to trunkiii. Trunk: Chest, abdomen, and pelvisiv. Upper limbs: Attach to trunk (Shoulder, armpit and arm)v. Lower limbs: Attack to trunk: (Buttock, thighs, leg, ankle and foot)V. Common Directional Terms:a. Anterior: Nearer to the front ofthe bodyb. Posterior: Nearer to the back ofthe bodyc. Superior: Toward the headd. Inferior: Away from the heade. Proximal: Nearer to theattachment of a limb to the trunkf. Distal: Farther from theattachment of a limb to the trunkg. Lateral: Farther from the midlineh. Medial: nearer to the midlineVI. Planes and Sectionsa. Imaginary flat surfaces that come through the body partsi. Saggital plane: a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides1. Midsaggital plane: divides body into equal right and left sides2. Parasaggital plane: divides body into unequal right and left sidesii. Frontal or coronal plane: divides the body into anterior (front) or posterior (back)iii. Tranverse plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) or inferior (lower) portions1. Also called the cross-sectional or horizontal planeiv. Oblique plane: passes through the body or the organ at an angleVII. Body Cavitiesa. Spaces within thebody that helpprotect, separate,and supportinternal organsb. Has a membraneembedded in iti. Pleural membrane: Attached to the wallii. Visceral membrane: Attached to the lungsc. Epithelial sheet or tissuei. Visceral sideArea thatsurroundsthe organii. Parietal sideArea outsideVIII. Types of Body Cavitiesa. Visceral paracardiumi. Contacts heartb. Mediastinumi. Space in betweenthe two pleural cavitiesii. Central part of the thoracic cavityc. Pelvic Cavitiesi. The posterior cavity surrounded by meninges membraneii. Within the meninges membrane contains spinal fluidd. Cranial cavityi. Formed by the cranial bonesii. Protects the brainiii. Vertebral canal iv. Formed by bones of vertebral columnv. Contains the spinal cord e. Meningesi. Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity & vertebral canalf. Thoracic Cavityi. Also called the chest cavityii. Formed by: Ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum (breast bone), vertebral column (thoracic portion)1. Pericardial cavity: Fluid filled space that surrounds the heart2. Pleural cavity: two fluid filled spaces that surround each lungg. Abdominopelvic cavityi. Located from the diaphragm to the groinii. Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvisiii. Divided into two portions:1. Abdominal cavity: Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines2. Pelvic cavity: Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestinesIX. Quadrants:a.X. Radiography:a. X-Raysi. Produce image of interior structuresii. Hollow structures appear black or greyiii. Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone)1. At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast)a. Mamography (breast)b. Bone densitometry (bone density)XI. Tomographya. Computer Assisted Radiography (CT Scan)i. 3D structuresii. Visualizes soft tissue in detailiii. Tissue intensity showsXII. Sonographya. Ultrasound Scanningi. High frequency sound wavesii. Sonogramiii. Non-invasive, painless, no dyesiv. Pregnancy (fetus)XIII. Radionucleotide Scanninga. Gamma rays detected by Camerab. Radioactive substances (radionucleotide)c. Example: Scanning different areas of brain to show what parts are being usedi. Intensity is shown through color changesXIV.Endoscopya. Lighted instrument(camera with lens)b. The camera is slowed and pictures are taken as it goes through digestive tractChapter 2I. Atoms: Units of matterII. Chemical elements: no matter how many atoms of that substance, it never changesa. All elements in the same vertical column have similar chemical characteristicsb. Looking at the column number shows you how many electrons are in the outer shelli. Example: hydrogen`s atomic number is 1. It has 1 proton and 1 electronc. Noble gases: do not react under normal conditions because they are full or satisfiedd. Other elements react because they are willing to give up an electron or share ite. The most abundant of elements include: Nitrogen, Carbon, and OxygenIII. Things to knowa. Nucleus: contains protons and electronsb. Mass number: Sum of protons and neutronsc. A free radical: has to do with a charge of a group of atomsi. When an atom loses or gains a valance electronsIV. Ionic Bonds: Balance of imbalance of electronsa. Cations (positive)b. Anions (Negative)V. Covalent bondsa. Formed by two atoms of electrons that are sharedi. H20, CH4ii. Dipole-Dipoleb. Polar Covalent: the unequal sharing of electronsc. Non polar Covalent: the equal sharing of electronsVI. Chemical reactionsa. Occur when new bonds bonds are formedi. Catabolic : Bonds are brokenii. Anabolic: bonds are formedb. Exergonici. The bond being broken has more energy than the bond being formedc. Endergonici. Requires that energy be added from A.T.PVII. Activation Energy:a. Energy required to break chemical bondsVIII. Factors that cause a collision and chemical reaction:a. Concentrationi. The greater the concentration, the more the products formedb. Temperaturei. The higher the temperature, the easier it is for the molecules to collidec. Catalysts:i. Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energyIX. Types of reactions: a. Synthesis reactions:i. A +B ABb. Decomposition reactions:i. AB A + Bc. Exchange reactionsX. Carbon compoundsa. Organici. Carbon