Chapter 7, part 3SECTION 7-3 The Vertebral ColumnVertebral columnFigure 7.16 The Vertebral ColumnSpinal curvatureFigure 7.17 Abnormal Curvatures of the SpineVertebral anatomyFigure 7.18 Vertebral AnatomyVertebral regionsFigure 7.19 The Cervical VertebraeThoracic vertebraeFigure 7.20 The Thoracic VertebraeSlide 13Lumbar vertebraeFigure 7.21 The Lumbar VertebraeSacrumFigure 7.22 The Sacrum and CoccyxThoracic cageFigure 7.23 The Thoracic CageSlide 20The ribsTypical ribThe Sternum consists ofSlide 24You should now be familiar with:Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 7, part 3The Axial SkeletonCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 7-3 The Vertebral ColumnCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx•7 cervical vertebrae •12 thoracic vertebrae •5 lumbar vertebrae•Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebraeVertebral columnCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.16 The Vertebral ColumnFigure 7.16Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Four spinal curves•Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral•Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervicalSpinal curvatureCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.17 Abnormal Curvatures of the SpineFigure 7.17Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Typically has a body and vertebral arch•Superior and inferior articular processes •Separated by intervertebral discsVertebral anatomyCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.18 Vertebral AnatomyFigure 7.18Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Cervical•Has distinctive shape•Large relative size of vertebral foramen•Costal processes with transverse foramina•Notched spinous processesVertebral regionsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.19 The Cervical VertebraeFigure 7.19Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Heart-shaped body•Long slender spinous processes•Articulations for ribsThoracic vertebraeCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.20 The Thoracic VertebraeFigure 7.20aCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.20 The Thoracic VertebraeFigure 7.20b, cAnimation: Axial DissectionsPLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Most massive•Least mobile•Subjected to great stressesLumbar vertebraeCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.21 The Lumbar VertebraeFigure 7.21Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs•Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyxSacrumCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.22 The Sacrum and CoccyxFigure 7.22Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Thoracic vertebrae•Ribs•Sternum•Ribs and sternum forms the rib cageThoracic cageCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.23 The Thoracic CageFigure 7.23aCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.23 The Thoracic CageFigure 7.23bCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae•8-12 are vertebrochondral ribs •11-12 are floating ribsThe ribsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body•Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heartTypical ribCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Manubrium•Body•Xiphoid processThe Sternum consists ofCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 7.23 The Thoracic CageFigure 7.23Animation: Axial DissectionsPLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsYou should now be familiar with:•The bones of the axial skeleton and their functions.•The bones of the cranium and face.•The differences between adult, child and infant skulls.•The curvatures of the spinal column.•The vertebral regions and characteristics of each.•The articulations between the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and