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UT Arlington BIOL 2457 - Human Anatomy Notes IV

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Biol 2457 1st Edition Lecture 5 Chapter 3I. Nuclear Envelopea. A double membrane that separates the nucleusb. Genes Only 30,000 genes in 3 million base pairsc. Chromosomes Wrapped around proteinsd. Histones Wrapped around chromosomese. Aceytl methyl phosphorylatedi. Determines expression of gene environment and has huge impact on genotypeII. DNAa. DNA Transcribed to RNA Sends tRNA and mRNA to ribosomeb. Ribosome is then translated to the proteinc. Produces mRNAd. Is being transcribed and goes through nuclear poree. tRNA reads triplets (codons) of RNA codef. tRNA has anticodon on itg. Active site forms through dehydration Synthesish. DNA RNA Productsi. 1 red blood cell is 380 million hemoglobin moleculesIII. Somatic cell division: Mitosisa. 23 chromosome sets in human bodyb. 2 sets of chromosomesc. 2 pairs of condenses chromosomesd. 46 chromosomes (Diploid sets)e. Mitosis: Nuclear divisioni. Chromosomes have to separateii. Basic components of nucleolusIV. Cytokenesisa. Cell movementV. Cell Cyclea. S Phase: Synthesisb. Most of the time the cells are in Interphasec. G1: Growth phasei. Cell is smallii. It’s a new daughter celliii. Must duplicate organellesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VI. Growth Phases:a. Interphase: Centrosomes are seen. Centrosomes contain microtubulesb. Prophase: In early part, centrosomes absorb and cannot be seen anymorec. Prometaphase: Late prophase; Early metaphase: Microtubule organelle polarizesi. Starts sending out its microtubulesii. Microtubules are attachedd. Metaphase: Chromosomes line upe. Anaphase: Chromosomes move to opposite polesf. Telophase: Daughter cells formg. Cytokenesis: Two daughter cells divideVII. Interesting fact: The more flexible the surrounding matrix is, the slower the mitotic division, and the slower somebody agesVIII. Reduction Division: Meiosisa. Must undergo haploid or half divisionb. Gametes contained single pair instead of double pairc. 23 chromosomes from sperm and 23 chromosomes from egg produces 46 chromosomes from a diploid zygote celld. Mitosis and Meiosis undergoes similar stagese. Meiosis II: True reduction divisionf. 1 primordial diploid cell produces 4 haploid gametesChapter 4: TissuesIX. Tissues (Collection of cells). Four types:a. Epitheliali. Covers and lines thingsii. Lungs are lined along with the digestive systemiii. Vasculariv. You scraped off epitheliumv. Have ducts that are exocrine in nature; Ducts, sweatb. Connectivei. Based on a cell matrixii. Nonliving stuff that surrounds, encases, and supports cellsiii. Bone, Calcium salts and portentous fibersc. Musculari. The only kind of tissue that contracts/shortensd. Nervousi. Neuronsii. Only cells in different types of tissuesiii. Nerve impulses/Action potentialse. Plasma: Matrix of bloodi. Protects cellsii. Carries nutrients towards cellsiii. Stores energyiv. Helps us in our immunityX. Differentiationa. Endoderm, Mesoderm (Muscle cells), and Ectodermb. Divides into divisionsc. Develops into EctodermsXI. Cell junctions:a. Made up of proteins that connect tissues togetherb. Desmosomes have microfilaments and intermediate filamentsc. Gap Junctions: Cells can communicate with each other between themi. Sown together with proteinsii. Intercalated disks between muscle tissuesd. Tight junctions:i. Sown together with transmembrane proteinsii. Prevent any message of extracellular tissueiii. It denatures those proteinsXII. Ciliaa. In digestive tract:i. Helps to increase surface areaii. Makes absorption and secretion (Away)XIII. Tissuesa. Basement membranei. Composed of two sidesii. Thin double extracellular layeriii. Serves as point of attachmentb. Basal Laminac. Reticular Laminai. Has collagen fibers in itii. Makes it flexible and toughd. Epithelial Tissuei. Have nerve supplyii. No blood supplyiii. Highest rate of cell divisionXIV.Basic Arrangements:a. Stratifiedi. Several layersii. *Most protectedb. Straitedi. Stripedc. Squamousi. Squashedd. Cuboidali. Cubede. Columnari. Columnf. Pseudostratifiedi. Looks like its stratified but it’s


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UT Arlington BIOL 2457 - Human Anatomy Notes IV

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