Biol 2457 1st Edition Lecture 4 Chapter 2I. Cell Theorya. All living organisms are composed of living cellsII. Surface to Volume ratioa. Cells must remain smallb. Smaller cells means you have smaller portalsc. The smaller something is the easier it would be to stay in contact with each otherIII. Cytoplasma. Gelatinous space inside the cellIV. Nucleusa. Most prominent organelleb. Contains DNA: Directs homeostasis and everything that cell is doingc. Contains the Nuclear envelope and Chromatind. Contains the Nucleolus where RNA comes outV. Endoplasmic Reticuluma. Rough ER: studded with Ribosomesb. Smooth ER: Not studded with ribosomesVI. Plasma membraneVII. Called the Fluid Mosaic Modela. Membrane proteinsi. Glycocalyx: the “sugar coating” membrane used for adhesionii. Transporters: move substances through the membraneb. Ion Channel: goes down in a concentration gradienti. Tries to produce equilibrium across the membraneii. Fat soluble hormones: can go right throughc. Integral and Peripheral linkersd. Membrane permeabilityi. Small molecules are easily transportedii. Goes down concentration gradiente. Passive processesi. Do not require energyf. Active processesi. Go against concentration gradient but requires energyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Active Transport: Energy is required to push solute against under normal resting conditions2. Inside the cell the charge is negative, K; outside the charge is positive (Na)3. Secondary Active transport mech.a. Pushing/pumping Sodium (Na) against concentration gradient4. Symporters: Carry two molecules across membrane5. Vesicle: small, spherical sac can actually create a vesicleii. Endocytosis: Materials moving into the cellg. Diffusioni. Creating equilibrium based on surface areaii. There is a greater concentration on outside of the cell versus concentration on the inside of the celliii. The higher the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion occursiv. Dependent upon carrier mediated moleculesh. Facilitated Diffusioni. Even more controlledii. Passiveiii. Regulatory in way of diffusingiv. Has more control because protein limits the amount that is going throughi. Carrier mediated facilitated diffusioni. Only opens up when insulin allows it to open upii. People with no insulin do not have the key to get glucose into the cellVIII. Osmosis:a. Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentrationb. Membranes in humans:c. Semi permeable membraned. Water tries to produce equilibriume. Move towards the solutei. Water follows saltii. Solvent follows solutef. Isotonic: equal concentration of water to saltg. Hypertonic: too much solute (salt) than water present; Cell burstsi. Hemolysish. Hypotonic: not enough solute (salt) to water present; Cell shrivelsi. Crenation: Any cell that shrinksIX. Carbona. Has many different functional polymersb. Long carbon chains are called macromoleculesX. Polymersa. Produce monomers and stick all monomers togetheri. Glucose and Fructose makes sucrose (Table Salt)XI. Sugar a. Saccharideb. Monosaccharidei. A single sugar moleculeii. A simple sugar1. Examplesa. Glucoseb. Fructosec. Disaccharidei. Combining two monosaccharidesii. A double sugar molecule1. Examplesa. Lactose=Glucose +Galactoseb. Sucrose=Glucose +Fructosec. Maltose=Glucose +Glucosed. Polysaccharidei. Many simple sugars joined togetherXII. Reactionsa. Dehydration Synthesisi. Removing water between two simple sugarsb. In proteinsi. Have nitrogen (Difference between fats and proteins)ii. Amino acid NH2iii. Carboxyl COOHiv. R group side chain1. To break apart: Add waterc. Hydrolysisi. Adding a water between two simple sugarsXIII. Carbohydratesa. Provide most of our energyb. Use simple sugars to produce energy as ATPXIV.Lipidsa. Organic Compoundsi. Contain C, H and Oii. Do not have a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen and Oxygeniii. Have polar covalent bondsiv. Are hydrophobic1. Example: lard is made up of saturated fatsa. Arterial plaquev. Saturated fats: Single bond1. Hydrolyzedvi. Unsaturated fats: Double bondb. Triglyceridei. Most common lipidii. Composed of glycerol and fatty acidsiii. Complex lipids1. Are broken down in hydrolysis2. Are formed with dehydration synthesisiv. Most plentiful lipids in the bodyv. Provide protection, insulation, and energyvi. Are called fats at room temperature (Solid)vii. Can be in other forms such as oilsc. Phospholipidi. A lipid with a phosphate headii. Polar: Hydrophilic side (head)iii. Hydrophobic side (Tail)iv. Two lipids attached to it1. Saturated2. Unsaturatedv. Composed of the structure of all membrane bilayersXV. Fatsa. Can be assembled into steroidsi. Hormonesii. Bile salts1. Detergentiii. Vitamins1. Fat soluble in A, D, E and K2. C and B Vitamins are water solubleiv. Cholesterolb. Go through fatty acid shellc. Go through nuclear membrane and can disrupt transcription and translation productsi. DNA and RNAXVI. Proteinsa. Monomersi. Amino Acidsii. Also called a polypeptideiii. Bonds between Amino acids are called peptide bondsiv. There are 20 amino acids1. Dipeptide bonda. Formed from two amino acids joined by peptide bondb. Formed by dehydration synthesis2. Peptide chains contain 10 to 2000 amino acidsXVII. Protein Structurea. Enzymes that catalyze reactions and bring substrates togetheri. Primary: chain of amino acidsii. Secondary: Twist chain of amino acids in Beta or alpha helix or pleated sheeta. Hydrogen bonds between adjacent peptidesiii. Tertiary: Crumple up Alpha/Beta pleated sheeta. 3D Polypeptideb. Process of Inducing or taking away tertiary/sulfide bondsc. Sulfide bonds have been removediv. Quaternary: Taking more than one of these structures and putting them togethera. Structural proteinsb. Carrying Oxygen in blood: Hemoglobinb. Denatured proteinsi. Changes shape1. Example:a. When something is highly acidic or basicb. Sticking finger in acidi. Skin disintegrates c. Proteins that are assembled become denaturedii. Enzymesa. Lower Activation energy so A+B can come together readilyb. Catalysts in living cellsc. Speed up frequency of collisionsd. The activate site lowers activation energye. Denaturation of proteins occurs in high temperaturesf. The reaction speed slows down when temperatures are lowXVIII. Saturation Kineticsa. Dependent on the number of substratesXIX. Nucleic Acidsi. Hydrogen bonds hold two