Biol 2457 1st Edition Lecture 3 Chapter 2I. Chemistrya. If the pH is above 7 Baseb. If the pH is below 7 AcidII. Buffer Systemsa. Weaken a very strong acid or baseb. You can help reduce the acidityi. Examples: 1. A strong acid combined with a weak base produces a weak acid and salt2. A strong base combined with a weak acid produces a weak base and salt3. A strong acid combined with a strong base produces water and saltIII. Carbona. Has many different functional polymersb. Long carbon chains are called macromoleculesIV. Polymersa. Produce monomers and stick all monomers togetheri. Glucose and Fructose makes sucrose (Table Salt)V. Sugar a. Saccharideb. Monosaccharidei. A single sugar moleculeii. A simple sugar1. Examplesa. Glucoseb. Fructosec. Disaccharidei. Combining two monosaccharidesii. A double sugar molecule1. Examplesa. Lactose=Glucose +Galactoseb. Sucrose=Glucose +Fructosec. Maltose=Glucose +Glucosed. PolysaccharideThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Many simple sugars joined togetherVI. Reactionsa. Dehydration Synthesisi. Removing water between two simple sugarsb. In proteinsi. Have nitrogen (Difference between fats and proteins)ii. Amino acid NH2iii. Carboxyl COOHiv. R group side chain1. To break apart: Add waterc. Hydrolysisi. Adding a water between two simple sugarsVII. Carbohydratesa. Provide most of our energyb. Use simple sugars to produce energy as ATPVIII. Lipidsa. Organic Compoundsi. Contain C, H and Oii. Do not have a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen and Oxygeniii. Have polar covalent bondsiv. Are hydrophobic1. Example: lard is made up of saturated fatsa. Arterial plaquev. Saturated fats: Single bond1. Hydrolyzedvi. Unsaturated fats: Double bondb. Triglyceridei. Most common lipidii. Composed of glycerol and fatty acidsiii. Complex lipids1. Are broken down in hydrolysis2. Are formed with dehydration synthesisiv. Most plentiful lipids in the bodyv. Provide protection, insulation, and energyvi. Are called fats at room temperature (Solid)vii. Can be in other forms such as oilsc. Phospholipidi. A lipid with a phosphate headii. Polar: Hydrophilic side (head)iii. Hydrophobic side (Tail)iv. Two lipids attached to it1. Saturated2. Unsaturatedv. Composed of the structure of all membrane bilayersIX. Fatsa. Can be assembled into steroidsi. Hormonesii. Bile salts1. Detergentiii. Vitamins1. Fat soluble in A, D, E and K2. C and B Vitamins are water solubleiv. Cholesterolb. Go through fatty acid shellc. Go through nuclear membrane and can disrupt transcription and translation productsi. DNA and RNAX. Proteinsa. Monomersi. Amino Acidsii. Also called a polypeptideiii. Bonds between Amino acids are called peptide bondsiv. There are 20 amino acids1. Dipeptide bonda. Formed from two amino acids joined by peptide bondb. Formed by dehydration synthesis2. Peptide chains contain 10 to 2000 amino acidsXI. Protein Structurea. Enzymes that catalyze reactions and bring substrates togetheri. Primary: chain of amino acidsii. Secondary: Twist chain of amino acids in Beta or alpha helix or pleated sheeta. Hydrogen bonds between adjacent peptidesiii. Tertiary: Crumple up Alpha/Beta pleated sheeta. 3D Polypeptideb. Process of Inducing or taking away tertiary/sulfide bondsc. Sulfide bonds have been removediv. Quaternary: Taking more than one of these structures and putting them togethera. Structural proteinsb. Carrying Oxygen in blood: Hemoglobinb. Denatured proteinsi. Changes shape1. Example:a. When something is highly acidic or basicb. Sticking finger in acidi. Skin disintegrates c. Proteins that are assembled become denaturedii. Enzymesa. Lower Activation energy so A+B can come together readilyb. Catalysts in living cellsc. Speed up frequency of collisionsd. The activate site lowers activation energye. Denaturation of proteins occurs in high temperaturesf. The reaction speed slows down when temperatures are lowXII. Saturation Kineticsa. Dependent on the number of substratesXIII. Nucleic Acidsi. Hydrogen bonds hold two strands togetherb. DNAi. Double Strandedii. Purines (A-T) attaches to Pyrimidine (G-C)iii. Genetic code of all living things on this Earthiv. Arrangement: Composed of Pentose sugar, phosphate sticking out, base pairv. DNA polymerase: breaks Hydrogen bonds between the two and assembles secondary strandc. RNAi. Single Strandedii. Thymine becomes Uraciliii. AU & CGiv. Can produce hundreds of different proteinsd. Transcription: DNA transfers to mRNAe. Translation: mRNA transfers to productsXIV.ATP a. Adenosine Triphosphatei. Monophosphate attached to a monophosphate A+Gii. Energy is being transferred by catabolic reactionsXV. Membrane Transporta. Active Transporti. Utilizes ATP to ship substances in or out of membraneb. Passive Transporti. Transporting Oxygen from high to low concentration down concentration gradientii. Each glucose molecule can only produce 2 ATPXVI. Organellesa. Plasma membrane:i. Fluid Mosaic model1. Composed of a double layer of lipids called phospholipidii. separating the internal environment from the outside environmentiii. Organelles help to maintain homeostasis inside the cell1. Integral protein: extended into or out of bilayer2. Glycoprotein: recognition protein that recognizes something3. Channel protein: helps to transport stuff from the inside out4. Glycolipid: Different types of polar headb. Nucleusi. Regulates things that are assembledii. Out of the 3 billion base pairs, only 1% are actually genesiii. Mutations in genetic code are almost always detrimentalc. Ciliai. Longer than microvilliii. Contain microtubulesiii. Help them move1. Example:a. Helping to move mucus out of lungsd. Flagellumi. Contains microfilamentse. Microtubulesi. Structures that allow things to