BIOL 2457 Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Introduction to Human Anatomy VocabularyWhat is the meaning of human anatomy? What is the meaning of physiology?Human Anatomy is the science of body structures and relationships among them.First studied by dissection (cutting apart).Human physiology is the science of body functions including how body parts workIntroduction to living thingsWhat is the hierarchical arrangement of how living things are organized?Atoms Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system OrganismWhat is an atom? The smallest unit of matterWhat are the basic four elements that makeup living things? Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and HydrogenWhat is a molecule? Two or more atoms joined togetherWhat is a cell? Cells are basic structural and functional units of an organismWhat is a tissue? Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work to perform a particular functionWhat is the safest non-invasive imaging? UltrasoundWhat are the 7 Basic Life processes? Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction, and EvolutionWhat are the 7 characteristics of life? Organization & complexity, metabolism, homeostasis, Growth & development, Response to stimuli (movement), Reproduction & Differentiation, And EvolveWhat is metabolism? Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. What is catabolism? Catabolism is the breakdown of complex chemical substances into similar components. What is anabolism? Anabolism is the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller similar components. What is the concept of homeostasis? Homeostasis Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment. It has a stimulus and response. The receptor goingto the control center is called afferent while the control center going to the effector is called efferent. What is the receptor? It monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input. What is the control center? It evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command. What is the effector? It receives output from the control center.What is an autopsy? Post mortem (After death) examination of the body and internal organsIntroduction to the Scientific MethodWhat are the steps of the scientific method? I. Observationa. QuestionII.Hypothesisa. Possible AnswerIII. Experimenta. Testing possible Answerb. Variables c. Controls IV. Conclusion (Theory)a. Validity of the possible answerb. An explanation of natural phenomenaV. Lawa. Only in the exact sciencesb. A descriptive generalization of n. p.Maintaining the volume andcomposition of body fluids. What are body fluids? Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cellKnow Anatomical Terminology:Vocabulary: Supine: Body is lyingface upProne: Body is lyingface downAnterior: FrontPosterior: BackSuperior: Towardsthe headInferior: Away fromthe headProximal: Nearer tothe attachment of alimb to the trunkDistal: Farther fromthe attachment of alimb to the trunkMedial: Near to the midlineLateral: Farther from the midlineSagittal plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sidesMidsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sidesParasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sidesFrontal or coronal plane: Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portion.Transverseplane: Dividesthe body or anorgan intosuperior(upper) orinferior (lowerportions)Oblique plane:Passes throughthe body of anorgan at anangleWhere are your cranial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities located? See Picture on rightWhat are the serous membranes? A thin, slippery, double layered membrane that contains viscera of the thoraxic and abdominopelvic cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and the abdomenWhat are the parts ofthe serous membrane?Parietal layer lines thewall of the cavitiesVisceral layer covers theviscera within thecavitiesOral (mouth) cavity:Contains the tongue andteethNasal cavity : NoseOrbital cavities: Contain the eyeballsMiddle ear cavities: Contain the small bones of the middle earSynovial cavities: Found in freely moveable jointsKnow information about pH and Buffers. What are buffers and what do they do? What is pH? Abicarbonate buffer system is used to maintain homeostasis for excess or shortage of H+.In pH, Anything less than 7 Is acidic and anything more than 7 is considered basic.What are the primary, tertiary, secondary and quaternary protein structures? XI. Protein Structurea. Enzymes that catalyze reactions and bring substrates togetheri. Primary: chain of amino acidsii. Secondary: Twist chain of amino acids in Beta or alpha helix or pleated sheeta. Hydrogen bonds between adjacent peptidesiii. Tertiary: Crumple up Alpha/Beta pleated sheeta. 3D Polypeptideb. Process of Inducing or taking away tertiary/sulfide bondsc. Sulfide bonds have been removediv. Quaternary: Taking more than one of these structures and putting them togethera. Structural proteinsb. Carrying Oxygen in blood: HemoglobinWhat is a molecule? A molecule is formed when atoms share electrons.What is a chemical bond? A chemical bond is the atoms of a molecule held together by forces ofattraction. What is an ionic bond? An ionic bond is when an ion loses or gains a valence electron and when the electrons are transferred not shared. What is a covalent bond? Covalent bonds are formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their valence electrons. Which bonds are the strongest? Covalent bonds are the strongest chemical bonds in the body. What bonds are the weakest bonds? Hydrogen bonds are only 5% as strong as Covalent bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak intermolecular bonds. What is metabolism? It is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body. What speeds up reactions in the body? A catalyst is a chemical compound that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. What are Synthesis and decomposition reactions?Synthesis: A + B ABDecomposition: AB A + BOutline and list functions of different organelles.1. Plasma membrane- forms the cell’s outer boundary- separates the cell’s internal environment from the outside environment- is a selective barrier- plays a role in cellular communication2. Cytoplasm- all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus - cytosol - the fluid