TimelineCULTURES IN CONFLICTOutlineI. Changes in EuropeSlide 5I. Religious Divisions of Europe 1096Slide 7II. First CrusadeSlide 9Slide 10Crusaders capturing Jerusalem 1099Slide 12III. Second CrusadeThe capture of EdessaSlide 15Europe in 1152III. Salah-ed-din (1137-1193)Slide 18IV. Fourth CrusadeSlide 20IV. Fourth Crusade AftermathV. Why were the crusades successful?VI. MongolsSlide 24Slide 25Slide 26VII. After the CrusadesSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33•1054 Catholic & Bzyantine Church split•1096-9 First Crusade•1118 Establishment of Templars•1187 Saladin reclaims Jerusalem•1202-4 Fourth CrusadeTimelineCULTURES IN CONFLICT•I. Changes in Europe•II. First Crusade•III. Second Crusade•IV. Fourth Crusade•V. Why were the Crusades successful?•VI. Mongols•VII. After the CrusadesOutline•Renewal in Europe–lay piety–renewed trade and growth of cities–expulsion of Muslims from Italy, Spain and as pirates–population is growing•Catholic Church is becoming more powerful•for the first time in hundreds of years optimism is a word to characterize people in EuropeI. Changes in Europe1095 Pope Urban calls first Crusade–responding to request of Emperor Alexius of Byzantium–channel violence toward faith–maybe bring eastern church back under control of Rome–demonstrate supremacy of Pope - rise of papal power.I. Changes in EuropeI. Religious Divisions of Europe 1096•Why did people fight?–Faith–economic: population pressures on land - no inheritance–as an act of penance (cancellation of sin).I. Changes in Europe•Peasant Crusades–2 main occurrences–Peter the Hermit in France•leads thousands from France to Turkish territory on foot•slaughtered–Rhineland•start by massacring Jews•make it to Hungary - plunder then slaughtered by Hungarians.II. First CrusadeMassacre of Peter the Hermit’s ArmyII. First Crusade•Professional soldiers assemble in Constantinople in 1097–success, capture Antioch–1099 siege and capture Jerusalem - massive slaughter–create four separate kingdoms.II. First Crusade•Immigration and establishment of settlements and castles•not just an invasion, it was almost a migration.Crusaders capturing Jerusalem 1099II. First Crusade•Establishment of Knights Templar–military order–known as Knights of the Temple–gain power and prestige–fall from power beginning 1307.•Divided Muslim groups unite and defeat the County of Edessa in 1144•Prompts immediate call for second crusade•King Louis VII (France) and Conrad III (Germany) respond–both armies are exterminated.III. Second CrusadeThe capture of Edessa•Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) joins crusade–how she journeys–how she deals with her husband–impact–later life.III. Second CrusadeEleanor entering ConstantinopleEurope in 1152•Emerges as leader of Egypt•rebuilds army•unifies much of Middle East under his rule•various battles with Crusader states•1187 decisive battle - overrun entire Kingdom of Jerusalem•reclaims Jerusalem - no slaughter•legacy - fights off third crusade.III. Salah-ed-din(1137-1193)III. Salah-ed-din (1137-1193)•Venetian traders were contracted for transport•not enough cash for trip so cut a deal•invasion of a Christian city (Zara)•excommunication•Alexius IV offers $ for assistance in bid for throne•capture and sack Constantinople.IV. Fourth Crusade•Europe loses passion for Crusades–seen as serving the needs of the Church•Emergence of the Franciscans–St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)–Little Brothers•further weakening of Byzantine empire.IV. Fourth Crusade Aftermath•Period of internal bickering in Islamic states–ceasing what had made them strong–ends with Saladin’s unification program•resurgent political and military power of Europe•growth of European population creates pressure for new lands•growing religious power of the Church in Europe–Peace of God–Christian’s forbidden to wage war on each other–notion of the “holy war”.V. Why were the crusades successful?•Genghis Khan - leader of a united Mongolia 1206–military very disciplined - excellent tactics–forces northern China to submit –armor without backs!–By tradition, at death (1227) divides lands amongst sons of first wife•Kublai Khan - grandson of Genghis–conquers remainder of China–moves capital.VI. Mongols•Jagatai Khanate - western China, central Asia•Il Khan - Iran, Iraq, Mesopotamia, mountains•Golden Horde - invasion - 1237-40–Batu (grandson of Genghis) pushes westward through Russia, Poland, Hungary, to the Adriatic Sea–no European army can stop the Mongols–invasion only stops with death of Ogodai (Batu’s brother and Genghis’ successor).VI. Mongols•Benefits of the Empire–linking of east and west through kinship and trade•postal system (pony express) and bandit free trade routes•Problems of the Empire–religious problems–different views on rulership - Confucian vs. eastern European–imposition of Mongol rule spurs development of native leadership and overthrow of Mongols.VI. Mongols•Mamluks or Mameluke–slave warrior caste dominant in Egypt–very influential for over 700 years–1250 first Mamluk ruler–unstable internally, vigorous foreign policy–succession and warriors–decline and defeat by the Ottomans.VII. After the Crusades•Ottoman Empire–group of central Asian nomads that were mercenaries for the Seljuk Turks–established about 1300–lasted until 1922 when replaced by Turkey–defeated Byzantine Empire and invaded Europe.VII. After the Crusades•Tamerlane (1336-1405)–ruler of Chagatai khanate–known as the “scourge of God”–from 1381 to 1405 goes on constant spree of warfare and expansion–conquers China, India, Persia, parts of Russia and western Asia–significance to overland trade - pushing for development of sea routes to the Indies (Portugal).VII. After the Crusades•Assassins–religious order–founded about 1100–terrorized entire regions–well known because of Marco Polo and attacks on armies of CrusadersVII. After the