History 101 Fall 2015 Midterm Study Guide You should plan on giving me 3 4 points about that term explaining and identifying it The First Humans Hominids The earliest humanlike creatures Existed in Africa 3 4 mil yrs ago Homo erectus stage 1 5 mil upright human being Homo sapiens wise human being Homo sapiens sapiens the first anatomically modern humans Paleolithic Age tools made of stone Hunter gatherer instead of farming gathered food and hunted wild animals nomadic following animal migrations vegetation cycles Kinship mode of production economy kinship mode of production group effort for success both men women responsible for finding food open society nobody owned private property Neolithic Revolution new stone start of agriculture which led to more settled communities trade and specializing in crafts developed Domestication men responsible for field work herding animals women worked in fields cared for children household tasks Tributary mode of production organized communities stored food and accumulated material goods specialization in crafts e g pottery obsidian volcanic glass sharp tools Civilization Patriarchy atal H y k old and extensive agricultural village of Neolithic age in modern day Turkey walk on rooftops to enter the house through roof the houses themselves formed a wall protection twelve cultivated products discovered e g fruits wheat Since over time the men s role working outside of the home came to be more dominant patriarchy resulted i e society dominated by men Cyprus 6000 BC A Neolithic Village circular houses built from mudbrick and stone with flat roofs Choirokoitia River Valley Irrigation Indus River valleys from Himalayas to Arabian Sea Yellow River in northern China Tigris and Euphrates the Nile Supe River valley in Peru How did cultural evolution replace biological evolution In what areas did sedentary lifestyle occur How did life in the Neolithic Age differ from the Paleolithic Age In the Neolithic Age an agricultural revolution began which in turn led to settled villages While in the Paleolithic Age they were nomadic and hunter gatherers in the Neolithic age a patriarchal life style began along with craftsmanship and concentrations of larger numbers of people Why did the first cities develop Human beings can support each other much more in a city providing trade protection materials food specialization of labor jobs religious reasons entertainment etc The Sumerians the people who made the Mesopotamian civilization believed kingship as divine in origin The Fertile Crescent Euphrates and Tigris River flow into Persian Gulf employed flood management floods unpredictable and irrigation systems developed writing law codes and economic specialization Mesopotamia between the rivers region receives little rain but soil of the plain enriched by silt deposited by the two rivers Tigris Euphrates River Valley City states Redistributive economy Ziggurat temple of the chief god dess Theocracy government by a divine authority i e the gods were believed to rule the cities Polytheism many gods Divination predict the future gods have human emotions Semitic Peoples Phoenician Syriac Sargon Hammurabi the Akkadians Semitic languages Akkadian Arabic Aramaic Assyrian Babylonian Canaanitic Hebrew leader of the Akkadians north of Sumerian city states Hammurabi 1792 1750 BC well disciplined army gained control of Sumer and Akkad reunified Mesopotamia after conquests called himself the sun of Babylon the king who made the four quarters of the world obedient Cuneiform established his capital in Bablyon the oldest Mesopotamian texts date to around 3000 BC and were written by the Sumerians who used cuneiform wedge shaped system of writing using a reed stylus make wedge shaped impressions on clay tablets then baked dried in the sun Why did people want to live in Sumerian cities Mesopotamia was subject to constant invasion so naturally living together provided protection Plus they probably the same reasons why cities developed as answered above What was the Sumerian outlook on life Why did writing develop Mesopotamian peoples used writing primarily for record keeping recording transactions of daily life e g cattle lists of taxes and wage payments and also for teaching purposes The Egyptians The Nile River Valley Nile is the longest river in the world annual flooding deposits silt creating rich Black Land river flows from south to north so upper Egypt is lower on the map gradual and usually predictable floods Nile also served as a source of travel both for transportation and communication Black Land the silted fertile land Red Land Red Land desert Pharaoh divine a bureaucracy members performing administrative tasks e g office of vizier steward of the whole land Ma at the chief principle that the pharaoh was to live by was called Ma at a spiritual concept that conveyed the idea of truth and justice especially right order and harmony peace harmony justice Nomes provinces the pharoah ruled through the nomarchs Nomarchs were like governors over the nomes Hieroglyphics Rosetta Stone Pyramid Hyksos Battle of Kadesh Ramses II Hatshepsut female phaorah Mummies priest carvings or sacred writings signs that depicts objects and had a sacred value at the same time they never developed an alphabet carved into either stone or papyrus occurred during the Old Kingdom built as part of a larger complex dedicated to the dead large pyramid for king smaller for family and mastabas for noble officials 2 1 Ramses II 20 000 men against 40 000 of Hittite empire the oldest earliest recorded battle in history that we can accurately reconstruct Ramses won Egyptian vistory even though they almost lost Syria was the crossroads of the ancient trade world the Battle of Kadesh was on the border between Sytria Egypt at its peak in Engyptian influence in society Egyptians went on the offensive with his reign and he succeeded in reconquering Canaan carved his name in to things built statues of himself everywhere process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting a 70 day process lifelike mask placed over the head and shoulders of the mummy Mummification was considered a very important rite for without it the deceased would perish for all eternity and not gain the afterlife Akhenaten Originally Amenhotep IV the pharaoh who introduced the worship of Aten god of the sun disk as the supreme and only god changed his name to Akhenaten Servant of Aten He even closed the temples of other gods even the god