Slide 1Slide 2The Caravel: Sailing against the WindCartographySlide 5Life aboard a Sailing ShipDiscovery or Dollars? Why Go?Prince Henry “the Navigator” 1394-1460Bartolomeu DiasEast: Vasco de Gama (d. 1524)West: Cristoforo Colombo (d. 1506)Treaty of TordesillasFerdinand Magellan 1480-1521Magellan’s RouteConquistadorsSlide 16Dutch East India Trading Company 1602-1798British East India Trading Company 1600-1878Search for the Northwest PassageLegacy of “Discovery”The African DiasporaThe Middle PassageSugar: 17th-Century [Fools’] GoldRumSlide 25Test Review 4 Part 2Technology of ExplorationThe Caravel:Sailing against the Wind•Lateen Sail–Replaced earlier “square” rigging–Adopted from Islamic designs (Egypt)–Tack into the wind•Greater capacity–No oars like galley–Lower draft = more cargo•Open Water–Galleys always stayed near land•“Weighing the Evidence”: The Mataro ModelCartography•From Ideology to Reality–O-T Maps–Portolan mapsMappa Mundi: ComplexLife aboard a Sailing Ship“No man will be a sailor who has contrivance enough to get himself into a jail; for being in a ship is being in a jail, with the chance of being drowned.”- James BoswellDiscovery or Dollars?Why Go?•“Spices”–Esp. pepper•More valuable than gold in a world without refrigerators–Indonesian archipelago = “The Spice Islands”•Molucca•Pre-1500–From East to Turks–From Turks to Venetians–From Venetians to Europe•Cut out “The Middle Man” (Turks & Venice) = $$$Prince Henry “the Navigator”1394-1460•Portugal–Reconquered from Moors c.1250–Poor in land – look to the sea•Sailing School–Armchair QB–cartography•Africa–Systematic mapping of currents and coasts•14 expeditions before his death–Slaves•First African Slaves brought back to Portugal in 1442Bartolomeu DiasEast: Vasco de Gama (d. 1524)•Bartolomo Dias–Rounded the “Cape of Good Hope” (1487)•India–Build on Dias’ expedition–1497-99West: Cristoforo Colombo (d. 1506)•Flat v. Round?–Non-issue•Circumference of Earth?–Erastothenes (c.200 B.C.) = 24,000–Monks at Salamanca = 24,000–Columbus = 18,000•“West Indies”–Dominican Republic–Believed he was in the Spice Islands (Indonesia)Treaty of Tordesillas•1494•Pope Alexander VI•Split the world in Half between Spain and Portugal•East of line: Portugal•West of line: SpainFerdinand Magellan1480-1521•Expedition 1519-1522•First to Sail to Pacific via “Straits of Magellan”•1st Expedition to circumnavigate the world•Mare PacificumMagellan’s RouteConquistadors•Conquered the Americas for the Spanish•Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541)–Conquered the Incas, founded Lima•Hernán Cortés (1485-1547)–Conquered the AztecsNorthern Europeans Enter the Age of DiscoveryDutch East India Trading Company1602-1798•Early Multinational Corporation•Initially Granted 28 year monopoly on Spice Trade•quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies •1 million Europeans to Asia in the Spice Trade•Sponsored exploration in pursuit of quicker routes to Asia•Henry HudsonBritish East India Trading Company1600-1878•Granted Charter by Elizabeth I•Early Multinational Corporation•15 year initial Monopoly on Eastern Trade in Britain•Semi-governmental Powers•Sponsored Exploration and Colonization in the pursuit of trade•Very ProfitableSearch for the Northwest Passage•Henry Hudson (1560’s- 1611)•Dutch East India Trading Company•Hudson River and Hudson’s BayLegacy of “Discovery”•Slavery–Millions transported out of Africa•African, American and Asian Colonies–500+ years of oppression•Genocide–Native Population Decimation•Forced Conversions–Disruption of native cultureThe African DiasporaThe Middle Passage•"This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, which now became insupportable, and the filth of the necessary tubs [toilets] into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable.“Olaudah Equiano, (London, 1789)Sugar: 17th-Century [Fools’] Gold•Colonies–Labor Intensive•Need large workforces•$$$–Tremendously valuable–40 pounds Sugar = 1 oz Gold (c. 1500)•From Luxury to Addiction–Pre 1500s: virtually unknown•Sweetness = Honey–1650: a rare luxury–1750: widely used–1850: a staple (50lbs./year/per capita)DDD –1900: provided 1/6 of caloric intake (90lbs/year/person)Rum•Distilled from Molasses from Sugarcane•First Distilled on Caribbean Islands•First Rum Distillery in British North American Colonies 1664, Boston,
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