Slide 1Palazzo Ducale: The Epitome of CentralizationGovernment: DogeGovernment: Great CouncilThe Rise of the Nation-KingdomsThe Battle of Hastings 1066 and All ThatThe Angevin Empire 1154-1214G o v e r n m e n t: “Feudalism”?Magna Carta: The Boundaries of Monarchyparliaments Advise and Consent?FranceThe Capetians: KingmakersSaint Denis and Gothic Architecture13th-Century E x p a n s i o n13th-Century E x p a n s i o nThe Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453Joan of Arc and the Resurgence of the Valois 1428-1431A World in Upheaval c. 1100-1400The Rebirth of Republics 1300 Years of SlumberThe Operation of Despotism: WARUniversities and ScholasticismThe Three DoctorsSCHOLASTICISM3. The Four Horsemen RideFamine, Plague and RevoltBlack Death 1348-1351Where did it come from?4. The Battle for the HeavensSlide 29Part 2 Test Review 3Palazzo Ducale:The Epitome of Centralization•Executive, Legislative, Judicial –Doge’s private apt.–Great Council Chamber–Senate Chamber–PrisonGovernment: Doge•Elected Executive–Weak?•King James’s Complaint–Great Prestige•Counting doges–Doge HatGovernment: Great Council•Sala del Maggior Consiglio –Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese–Legislative Body•First rung in the political ladder–PATRICIANS ONLY•The “Great Closing” (1297)–Oligarchy ceases to expand – entrenchmentThe Rise of the Nation-Kingdoms1. England (1066-1453)2. France (1214-1453)3. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)The Battle of Hastings1066 and All That•Normans–Heavy Cavalry•Anglo-Saxons–Shield wall infantry•Just defeated powerful Norwegian invasion forceHarold defeated and killedAnglo-Saxon England now controlled by dukes of Normandy (ex-Vikings)http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/normans/launch_gms_battle_hastings.shtml#Battle of Hastings – The Game!The Angevin Empire1154-1214G o v e r n m e n t:“Feudalism”?3. Salisbury Oath (1087)–Institutionalization of “Feudalism”•But scattered vassals’ possessions•Increasingly large blocks of private land infected the Carolingian empire–King as “liege lord”•Everyone owes final allegiance to the King–But Vassals of the King will have their own Vassals»Chain of Command•King has authority over all land in the kingdom–System?•More ad hoc than institutionalized•Symptomatic of weak central powerMagna Carta:The Boundaries of Monarchy•Magna Carta (1215)–Battle of Bovines (1214)•King John (r. 1199-1216) loses Normandy to King Philip Augustus (r. 1180-1223)–“John Softsword”–63 Articles•From the Mundane to the Universal–PRACTICAL MATTERS: All fish-weirs shall be removed from the Thames, the Medway, and throughout the whole of England, except on the sea coast. (33)–“HABEUS CORPUS”: In future no official shall place a man on trial upon his own unsupported statement, without producing credible witnesses to the truth of it. (38)parliamentsAdvise and Consent?•“talking together”•1265 = first parliament–No set powers or membership, but shows a conscious attempt to limit monarchy •1311 = Restrictions on the King–Weakness of Edward II (r. 1307-1327)–Approval of Parliament necessary for most major actions•Shows growing power of nobility vis-à-vis the monarchy•Democracy?–NO NO NO•Only the powerful had a say, and even that was not binding•BUT, laid the foundations for future parliamentary institutionsFrance1. Dynastic Stability: The Capetians–Unbroken Capetian succession: 987-13282. Divine King?–“The Royal Touch”3. Saint Denis: The Patron of France and Friend of Kings–Abbey of Saint Denis and the Royal Necropolis•Connection between the Saint and the Monarchy–The Spread of Gothic Architecture•French “cultural imperialism”4. 13th-Century Expansion–Authority without Power: 987-1214–Battle of Bovines (1214)–Albigensian Crusade (early 13th-century)The Capetians:Kingmakers•Unbroken Succession–987-1328•Rivaled only by Monaco’s 700 years•Break in Succession led to the Hundred Years’ War (1337)•Crowned Successor before Death–Hugh Capet (r. 987-996) crowned his son before he died•The King is Dead, Long Live the KingSaint Denis and Gothic Architecture•Abbot Suger (1085-1151)–Rebuilt the Abbey of Saint Denis (c. 1135)•Initiated the “Gothic” style–Alliance with the Capetian monarchy•Capetians + Gothic = Cultural Prestige13th-Century E x p a n s i o n•Battle of Bovines (1214)–Capture Normandy and Anjou from King John–Cripple English power in France•Albigensian Crusade (early 13th-c.)–Languedoc and Gascony (S. France)•Richest areas outside of Paris•Cultural (prestige) and Commercial Centers ($$$)–Crusade for Conquest•Extermination of the Cathar Christians•Centralization (esp. Louis IX r. 1223-1270)–Enqueteurs •Royal officials sent from Paris–Carolingian missi dominici–Ordonnances •Executive orders–Carolingian Capitularies or Edwardian Statutes13th-Century E x p a n s i o nThe Hundred Years’ War1337-14531. Crisis of French Succession–End of the Capetians (1328)–Birth of the Valois Dynasty (1328)–Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377) claimed the French throne in 13402. French Knights vs. English Archers–Contrary Theories of War•French Chivalry vs. English Adaptation3. Few Pitched Battles–Only 3 in more than 100 years–Mostly raiding and pillaging – great hardship for French populace4. The Maid of Orleans: Joan of Arc (d.1431)–Anomaly of Female Warrior•You…wear your hair cut above your ears, without keeping about you anything to denote your sex, save what nature has given you… [Joan’s Heresy Trial]–Resurrection of the French Military (1429-1431)•Siege of Orleans–Beginning of the End for the English in France–Burned by the English for “Heresy”Joan of Arcand the Resurgence of the Valois1428-1431•Role Reversal–Frightening to Male Ego–Threat to Male Domination–Inversion of “Right Order”•The Siege of Orleans: The Tide Turned–French monarchy under Charles VII (r. 1422-61) strengthened •By c. 1500 the Valois kings of France were among the most powerful in EuropeA World in Upheavalc. 1100-14001. Italy: Communes and Despots (c.1150-1400)–Rebirth of Republican Government - Siena–Descent into Despotism – Padua 2. The New Learning: Universities & Scholasticism–Bologna, Padua, and Paris (1088 onwards)–Rediscovery of Logic (Aristotle)3. The Four Horsemen Ride: Famine, Plague and Revolts–Great Famine