HELLENISTIC ERATimelineSlide 3Phillip (359-336 BCE)Macedonian ExpansionEmergence of AlexanderMilitary PreparationsAsia MinorMediterranean CoastSlide 10PersiaSlide 12Slide 13Map of the Empire 323 BCELong Lasting ChangesDivine KingshipHellenistic ScienceHellenistic ArtworkSlide 19Hellenistic PhilosophySlide 21Death of AlexanderEmpire after Alexander’s DeathSlide 24Slide 25Why did the Hellenistic Kingdoms fail to last?HELLENISTIC ERAStatue of AlexanderTimeline404 End of Pelopennesian War359 Phillip ascends throne of Macedon338 Battle at Chaeroneia & Hellenic League336 Alexander ascends throne332 Conquers Egypt330 Final defeat of Persian forces326 subdue eastern provinces323 Alexander diesPhillip (359-336 BCE)•prisoner of Thebes for three years•King by blood but acclaimed by army•nation was considered “barbarian” by the Greeks•slow expansion and skillful diplomacy.Phillip of MacedonAthens Museum of ArtMacedonian Expansion•Series of small wars - built upon skillful diplomacy•opposition of Demosthenes of Athens–value of oratory in Greece–in the Phillipics laments disunion amongst Greek states•battle of Chaeroneia 338 BCE–builds goodwill amongst defeated poleis•Hellenic League founded–peace in Greece–autonomy–alliance with Phillip as commander for invasion of Asia.Emergence of Alexander•336 Phillip is assassinated•Alexander proclaimed King by Macedonian army•Trained well for this role–Aristotle is tutor–At 17 Phillip’s regent in Macedonia and fought successfully against Illyrians–At 18 led left wing at battle of Chaeroneia–At 19 exiled because of political maneuverings of new queen’s family.Military Preparations•Assembles a huge force from around Greece–5,000 horsemen–30,000 foot:12,000 Macedonian Phalanx•many of the other forces were mercenaries•no navy.Asia Minor•Begin by crossing into Greek regions held by the Persian king (Ionia) in 334 BCE•defeat of navy by capturing coastal territory–why would this work?•Fight against small independent lords–who were their soldiers?Mediterranean Coast•Marches quickly and gets through the passes into Syria•Battle at Issus–victory in close battle because Darius flees•does not pursue, continues with master plan•push south to capture Egypt–grateful to be liberated from Persian rule, Egypt proclaims Alexander descended from Zeus and made him a Pharaoh–crowned as a legitimate ruler, no uprisings–founds Alexandria.First major battlePersia•Leaving Egypt, the large army moves east•army bolstered by Greek mercenaries and Egyptian troops•331 BCE defeat a larger Persian army at Gaugamela•Darius flees and is assassinated by a relative•Alexander captures Babylon and then Persepolis, which he burned (payback for burning of Athens)•Greek troops supporting Darius surrender and join Alexander.Last major battle against Persian forcesPersian capital burnedPersia•Alexander sends Hellenic league troops home–keeps all volunteers for a journey of expansion, discovery•moves north and east, conquering former Persian satrapies•founds forts and cities (Alexandrias) to spread Greek culture and administrative stability•conquers all of the Persian empire•expands into India–fights elephants, sends a fleet to the Persian Gulf.Map of the Empire 323 BCEFinal Battle of Alexander’s campaignLong Lasting Changes•Finance officers to supervise taxation and expenditures - responsible only to Alexander•new coinage system•dream of one nation (megalopolis)–make 10,000 soldiers marry Persian women•built cities, rise of urban culture•international army•one language•spread of Greek culture and ideas.Divine Kingship•New concept to the west•King worshipped as a god•prostration•elaborate ceremony and clothing.Hellenistic Science•Use of math as a method to investigate natural phenomenon•empirical research to prove or disprove a hypothesis•no great advances•preservation of the earlier Greek thinkers and scholars.Hellenistic ArtworkLaocoon - in PergamunHellenistic ArtworkAlexander’s tombAdaptation of Greek SculptureHellenistic Philosophy•Striving for peace and tranquility in a turbulent world•Epicureanism–values withdrawal from civic life, passivity–need ability to act by yourself, gods are weak–rationality and moderation–open to all people.Hellenistic Philosophy•Stoicism–Zeno–universe contains order–reason allows the following of the natural law–self mastery or inner peace follows following the will of the natural powers.Death of Alexander•Dies at a party–poisoning or heart gives out?•Last words are “my kingdom goes to the strongest”•ushers in an era of instability and warfare•generals fight over the territory and eventually the empire is divided.Empire after Alexander’s Death•Warfare amongst the generals•establishment of Kingdoms•continual fighting amongst the Hellenistic Kingdoms•all are eventually defeated•Pergamum willed to Rome 133 BCE•Ptolemaic lasts the longest 31 BCE–Cleopatra.Hellenistic World 240 BCEHellenistic World 90 BCEWhy did the Hellenistic Kingdoms fail to
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