ISS 210 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide: Lectures 19-25Lecture 19Syllogistic Argument: Form of deductive reasoning with a major premise: all men are mortal A general statement the speakers believe to be trueA minor premise: Socrates is mortalNature and Nurture: A False DichotomyFalse to assume that the universals are biological and variations are culturalBreast feeding and weaning Nature and nurture are inseparable influences on human development Ontogenetic development – occurs in the time frame of the individual life span proving the timeframe for the following levels of development Phylogenetic development – of the species history in the form of genes changing over millenniaMicrogenetic development – the moment to moment learning of individuals in particular contextsCultural-historical development – the cultural legacy of symbolic and material technologies (literacy, number systems, and computers) changing over across decades and centuriesLearning language is as natural, innate or biological for a human brain as breaking or walkingDifferent procreation strategies: women invest heavily in children to reproduce their genes, whereas men invest little time and effortIn other mammals and non-human primates, new dominant male will often kill females offspring by the prior maleOlder girls responsible for infant care, assigned work in the home requiring compliance to their mothersGender stereotypes from media and schoolsLecture 20Community is not merely a collection of individuals with a single identifying characteristic Communities are groups of people with common and continuing organization values, understanding, history, and practices that transcend in a communityEngage in conflicts, disputes, and intriguesIndividual may identify with and participate in a number of overlapping communities “Membership” implies the person fits within some established boundariesParticipation is more flexible involving cultural practices, traditions, values, and understandingsEuro-American Values: Characterized by high levels of formal schooling and associated occupations, ambivalence towards authorityDemographic Transition ModelIn traditional society, children contribute to household production and provide for parents in their old age High infant mortality requires high birth rateIf mortality rate falls and birth rate remains constant, population increasesIf mortality continues to fall, birth rate begins to decrease, creates a demographic bubbleBirth and death rate rebalance, population continues to increase due to longer life expectancyBirth rate and population begin to decline with urbanizationPrior to 1949, high infant death rate necessitated a high birth rateIn communities with high infant and child mortality, parents must first consider a child’s physicalsurvival and healthWhen mortality is less an issue, focus shifts to preparing children to maintain themselves economically in maturityWhen 1st and second goals are met, parents focus on child’s potential to maximize religious piety, intellectual achievement, personal satisfaction and self realization Anxious/resistant evidence if child shows distress when left and not easily soothed when reunited but seeks contactAnxious/avoidant evidenced if child show low distress when left but avoids caregiver when reunitedJapanese children not used to being left with strangers show anxious/resistanceAfrican American infants are used to several caregivers, encouraged to be friendly to strangers, outgoing in the laboratory and still attuned to their caregivers a room full of toys and a friendly stranger who entertained them Lecture 21Sibling Caregivers: How old before begin carrying for siblings Depends in part on the number of siblings and birth spacingUS Euro/American middle class use baby sitters 12 years or olderAge grade Segregation: need adequate number of children to create groups one year age groupsfor bureaucratic requirements and adults convenienceChild care in the US is not seen as community investment in the next generation but as parental responsibility school millage – property tax for schools Role of specialization, expert caregivers: Teachers, social workers, pediatricians Children and youth in US society have few opportunities to contribute to their families and communities or to work with adults to accomplish anythingUSDA Family Expenditure on Children: By Income level and age of childHigh income households spend twice as much per child as low income householdsExpenditures includes cost of housing and transportationExpenditures vary by region the age of number of children and family structure Middle class Euro American children primarily engage in exclusive one to one dyadic interactionsUS schools attempting to introduce more collaborative learning models but have to teach Euro American children these skills Newborn infants are potential spirit children who may be taken away do not belong to the world until they are named about a week of ageFour Stages of the Hindu Life CycleChildhood not the first stage1) Youth starts in 10th year last for 10 years2) Second stage adulthood the householder begins with marriageDuring this period one raises a family and performs worldly dutiesEnds when children establish in life 3) Middle Age the Forest Dweller Live separately but not as anchorites Gradually ridding themselves4) Sannyas: to live as a religious mendicant Euro American middle class parents focus on verbal skills and assertivenessItalian focus on sensitivity to needs of others and social graciousnessTracking time elapsed since birth becomes a key market in industrial society Age governed institutions in the US Concrete, operational thought (7 years to 11 years) Formal, propositional though (11 years and older)Lecture 22Cultural Expectations: autonomy and Intent“Give and take” to children Cross-Cultural comparison suggests children 5.7 begin to be responsible and teachable 8.10 parents begin to count on children to understand and to help’ with competence and reliability Adolescence: Gap between childhood and adulthood Rituals that assist individuals in their transition from one status in society to anotherPhysical/spatially separated from familiar Marriage in the majority of world’s communities is arranged by the community or family, not just the two individuals Hunter gatherer communities tended to be flexible and egalitarian in gender rolesParental treatment of sons and daughters reflects expectations of adult