ISS 210 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 19 25 Lecture 19 Syllogistic Argument Form of deductive reasoning with a major premise all men are mortal A general statement the speakers believe to be true A minor premise Socrates is mortal Nature and Nurture A False Dichotomy False to assume that the universals are biological and variations are cultural Breast feeding and weaning Nature and nurture are inseparable influences on human development Ontogenetic development occurs in the time frame of the individual life span proving the time frame for the following levels of development Phylogenetic development of the species history in the form of genes changing over millennia Microgenetic development the moment to moment learning of individuals in particular contexts Cultural historical development the cultural legacy of symbolic and material technologies literacy number systems and computers changing over across decades and centuries Learning language is as natural innate or biological for a human brain as breaking or walking Different procreation strategies women invest heavily in children to reproduce their genes whereas men invest little time and effort In other mammals and non human primates new dominant male will often kill females offspring by the prior male Older girls responsible for infant care assigned work in the home requiring compliance to their mothers Gender stereotypes from media and schools Lecture 20 Community is not merely a collection of individuals with a single identifying characteristic Communities are groups of people with common and continuing organization values understanding history and practices that transcend in a community Engage in conflicts disputes and intrigues Individual may identify with and participate in a number of overlapping communities Membership implies the person fits within some established boundaries Participation is more flexible involving cultural practices traditions values and understandings Euro American Values Characterized by high levels of formal schooling and associated occupations ambivalence towards authority Demographic Transition Model In traditional society children contribute to household production and provide for parents in their old age High infant mortality requires high birth rate If mortality rate falls and birth rate remains constant population increases If mortality continues to fall birth rate begins to decrease creates a demographic bubble Birth and death rate rebalance population continues to increase due to longer life expectancy Birth rate and population begin to decline with urbanization Prior to 1949 high infant death rate necessitated a high birth rate In communities with high infant and child mortality parents must first consider a child s physical survival and health When mortality is less an issue focus shifts to preparing children to maintain themselves economically in maturity When 1st and second goals are met parents focus on child s potential to maximize religious piety intellectual achievement personal satisfaction and self realization Anxious resistant evidence if child shows distress when left and not easily soothed when reunited but seeks contact Anxious avoidant evidenced if child show low distress when left but avoids caregiver when reunited Japanese children not used to being left with strangers show anxious resistance African American infants are used to several caregivers encouraged to be friendly to strangers outgoing in the laboratory and still attuned to their caregivers a room full of toys and a friendly stranger who entertained them Lecture 21 Sibling Caregivers How old before begin carrying for siblings Depends in part on the number of siblings and birth spacing US Euro American middle class use baby sitters 12 years or older Age grade Segregation need adequate number of children to create groups one year age groups for bureaucratic requirements and adults convenience Child care in the US is not seen as community investment in the next generation but as parental responsibility school millage property tax for schools Role of specialization expert caregivers Teachers social workers pediatricians Children and youth in US society have few opportunities to contribute to their families and communities or to work with adults to accomplish anything USDA Family Expenditure on Children By Income level and age of child High income households spend twice as much per child as low income households Expenditures includes cost of housing and transportation Expenditures vary by region the age of number of children and family structure Middle class Euro American children primarily engage in exclusive one to one dyadic interactions US schools attempting to introduce more collaborative learning models but have to teach Euro American children these skills Newborn infants are potential spirit children who may be taken away do not belong to the world until they are named about a week of age Four Stages of the Hindu Life Cycle Childhood not the first stage 1 Youth starts in 10th year last for 10 years 2 Second stage adulthood the householder begins with marriage During this period one raises a family and performs worldly duties Ends when children establish in life 3 Middle Age the Forest Dweller Live separately but not as anchorites Gradually ridding themselves 4 Sannyas to live as a religious mendicant Euro American middle class parents focus on verbal skills and assertiveness Italian focus on sensitivity to needs of others and social graciousness Tracking time elapsed since birth becomes a key market in industrial society Age governed institutions in the US Concrete operational thought 7 years to 11 years Formal propositional though 11 years and older Lecture 22 Cultural Expectations autonomy and Intent Give and take to children Cross Cultural comparison suggests children 5 7 begin to be responsible and teachable 8 10 parents begin to count on children to understand and to help with competence and reliability Adolescence Gap between childhood and adulthood Rituals that assist individuals in their transition from one status in society to another Physical spatially separated from familiar Marriage in the majority of world s communities is arranged by the community or family not just the two individuals Hunter gatherer communities tended to be flexible and egalitarian in gender roles Parental treatment of sons and daughters reflects expectations of adult roles Where birth control is not prevalent