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MSU ISS 210 - The Human Evolution Story

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ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Piltdown “fossil” II. Piltdown SkullIII. The Benefits to BipedalismIV. Bipedalism vs. knuckle walkingV. The case for bipedalismVI. Ardipithecus ramidusVII. Ardi’s AnatomyVIII. Ardi’s EnvironmentIX. Hominids in AfricaX. Map of ChadXI. Sahelanthropus Tchadensis or “Tourani”XII. The Human Evolution StoryXIII. Distinctive features: AustralopithsXIV. A. aferensis: Teeth and JawsXV. A. afarensis: “Lucy”XVI. Pelvis and Femur: Chimpanzee Australopitheorine and HumanXVII. Laetoli FootprintsXVIII. Laetoli Footprint: Thermal ImageXIX. How made stone tools?XX. A. garhi (2.5 mya) Bouri, EthiopiaXXI. Heavy Duty Scraper from Olduvai GorgeOutline of Current LectureI. Homo habilisII. Bonobo TermiteIII. Eugene DuboisIV. Homo erectusV. Homo ergasterVI. H. ergaster: The “Turkana Boy” VII. “Turkana Boy” VIII. Acheulean “hand axe” IX. Dmanisi UkraineX. H. georgicus (Dmanisi) XI. H. Floresiensis & Homo sapiensXII. Island Dwarfism?XIII. H. Foresiensis CultureXIV. “Hobbit” Brain and Skull XV. Ebu Gogo: Myth or Reality? XVI. H. heidelbergensis Bodo in EthiopiaXVII. Terra AmataXVIII. Mousterian: Lerallois Core and FlakeXIX. H. Heidelbergensis: AtapuercasXX. Atapuerca Skull ReconstructionXXI. La Chapelle aux SaintsXXII. H. neanderthalensis La chapelle aux SaintsXXIII. La Chapelle-aux-saints: Boules’s Reconstruction Current LectureI. Homo habilis– (2.5 – 1.5 mya)– Found in Olduvai Gorge in 1964, the remains were associated with stone tools, hence the name, “Man the tool maker” – Physiology– H. havilis has a brain half again as large as A. afarensis– Very short stature Retained the primitive proportions of Australopithecines ex) short legs, long arms– Classification – Leaky’s argument to indicate havilis in the genus Homo was initially contested, then accepted, and now questioned– Hartwig-Scherer and Martin suggest that either limb bones don’t belong to H. havilis or H. Havilis doesn’t belong in genus HomoII. Bonobo Termite– Jane Goodall’s research that tool making is not a uniquely human trait thus forcing a redefinition of “man”III. Eugene Dubois– A physician, he joined the Dutch army to go to Indonesia to find the “missing link” between man and ape that Darwin had hypothesized because apes lived in jungles– Discovered skull cap and leg bones in Java in 1891– Pithecanthropus erectus “upright ape-man”IV. Homo erectus– Skull cap-long and low with sharply angled rear and bony brow ridge– Brain case-thick-walled but brain only 940 ml– Interpretation complicated by Piltdown hoax until 1960 when added to genus HomoV. Homo ergaster– H. ergaster (work man) found in Africa; includes a variety of specimens– Possessed large faces and chewing teeth compared with modern humans but smaller than Australopithecines– Fully emancipated from the forest– Domesticated fire to cook and scare off predators (Swartkrans) – A tool tradition (Acheulean) indicating a “mental template” in the mind of the maker VI. H. ergaster: The “Turkana Boy” – Died at eight years of age – Teeth had erupted like a modern 12 year old– Would have been 6 foot tall with body proportions similar to modern Turkana people– Anatomieally modern except for an upwardly tapering rib cage and hip joint– Tooth wear suggests more meat eating than H. habilisVII. “Turkana Boy” – Adolescent Homo ergaster searches through swamp grass for food. The reconstruction is based on the well preserved skeleton found in northern Kenya of a nine year old male. Known as “Narioketome boy” (or “Turkana boy”)– He was of slender build with essentially modern human proportions, when mature, he would have stood about 6 foot fall VIII. Acheulean “hand axe” – Large, flatfish, teardrop shaped, symmetric tools made using a consistent technique shaped according to a “mental template” in the mind of the maker before knapping began– General purpose tools used for cutting, scraping and hacking– Produced in specialized “workshops” – Coexisted with older Oldowan flake tools– “Core tool”IX. Dmanisi Ukraine– Oldest hominid found outside of Africa – Coeval with H.ergaster in Kenya but with a small brain– Suggeststhe emergence of a human “walking machine” with tall, slender trunks, long legs and shorter arms capable of rapid migration – Age allows ample time for indigenouslocal “radiations” to occur playing by their roles – H. Antecessor (or H. mauritanicus) in Spain– H. cepranesis in Italy– H. floresiensis in Indonesia– H. georgicus (Dmanisi) X. H. georgicus (Dmanisi) – H. georgicus is named for fossils discovered and Dmanisi, a 1.8 million year old Georgian site in the lower Caucusus Mountains– The scrania and four jawbones unearthed there since 1991 represent the earliestfirm evidence of a hominid that lived outside Africa– Its brain was small (between 600 and 700 cubic centimeters) compared with that of modern humans (which averages 1,350 cubic centimeters) with long ape like arms– The fossils were discovered in association with crude stone choppers and scrapersXI. H. Floresiensis & Homo sapiens– The “hobbit” had a body the size of the three year old modern human child and a brain 1/3 the size ex) small grapefruit– Descended from H. erectus who arrived 840,000 years earlier– Survived as late as 13000 bp overlapping arrival of H. sapiens for thousands of yars– Body sixe the result of Island dwarfing which did occur with archaic elephants on the islandXII. Island Dwarfism? – Islands frequently provide less food, fewer predators and less competition – Mammals tend to get smaller ex) stagedon– Reptiles tend to get larger ex) 30 ft kimono dragons– Dwarfed from H. erectus that arrived 840,000 bp or did they arrive small bodies from a yet unknown small hominid?– No absolute proof dwarfing happened ex) early full size Herectus remainsXIII. H. Foresiensis Culture– Tools similar to those at nearby Mata Menge that date to 800,000 bp – Used fire to cook food– Hunted stegadons, giant rats and kimo dragons– Sophisticate tool production implied unexpectedly advanced mental capacity from a small brainXIV. “Hobbit” Brain and Skull – A computer image shows a model of the brain (red) and skull (transparent) of a homo aloresiensis– Nicknamed “hobbits” after the tiny Lord of the Rings characters, the long extinct creatures


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MSU ISS 210 - The Human Evolution Story

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