ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I The Piltdown fossil II Piltdown Skull III The Benefits to Bipedalism IV Bipedalism vs knuckle walking V The case for bipedalism VI Ardipithecus ramidus VII Ardi s Anatomy VIII Ardi s Environment IX Hominids in Africa X Map of Chad XI Sahelanthropus Tchadensis or Tourani XII The Human Evolution Story XIII Distinctive features Australopiths XIV A aferensis Teeth and Jaws XV A afarensis Lucy XVI Pelvis and Femur Chimpanzee Australopitheorine and Human XVII Laetoli Footprints XVIII Laetoli Footprint Thermal Image XIX How made stone tools XX A garhi 2 5 mya Bouri Ethiopia XXI Heavy Duty Scraper from Olduvai Gorge Outline of Current Lecture I Homo habilis II Bonobo Termite III Eugene Dubois IV Homo erectus V Homo ergaster VI H ergaster The Turkana Boy VII Turkana Boy VIII Acheulean hand axe IX Dmanisi Ukraine X H georgicus Dmanisi XI H Floresiensis Homo sapiens XII Island Dwarfism XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII H Foresiensis Culture Hobbit Brain and Skull Ebu Gogo Myth or Reality H heidelbergensis Bodo in Ethiopia Terra Amata Mousterian Lerallois Core and Flake H Heidelbergensis Atapuercas Atapuerca Skull Reconstruction La Chapelle aux Saints H neanderthalensis La chapelle aux Saints La Chapelle aux saints Boules s Reconstruction Current Lecture I II III IV V Homo habilis 2 5 1 5 mya Found in Olduvai Gorge in 1964 the remains were associated with stone tools hence the name Man the tool maker Physiology H havilis has a brain half again as large as A afarensis Very short stature Retained the primitive proportions of Australopithecines ex short legs long arms Classification Leaky s argument to indicate havilis in the genus Homo was initially contested then accepted and now questioned Hartwig Scherer and Martin suggest that either limb bones don t belong to H havilis or H Havilis doesn t belong in genus Homo Bonobo Termite Jane Goodall s research that tool making is not a uniquely human trait thus forcing a redefinition of man Eugene Dubois A physician he joined the Dutch army to go to Indonesia to find the missing link between man and ape that Darwin had hypothesized because apes lived in jungles Discovered skull cap and leg bones in Java in 1891 Pithecanthropus erectus upright ape man Homo erectus Skull cap long and low with sharply angled rear and bony brow ridge Brain case thick walled but brain only 940 ml Interpretation complicated by Piltdown hoax until 1960 when added to genus Homo Homo ergaster H ergaster work man found in Africa includes a variety of specimens Possessed large faces and chewing teeth compared with modern humans but smaller than Australopithecines Fully emancipated from the forest Domesticated fire to cook and scare off predators Swartkrans A tool tradition Acheulean indicating a mental template in the mind of the maker VI VII VIII IX X H ergaster The Turkana Boy Died at eight years of age Teeth had erupted like a modern 12 year old Would have been 6 foot tall with body proportions similar to modern Turkana people Anatomieally modern except for an upwardly tapering rib cage and hip joint Tooth wear suggests more meat eating than H habilis Turkana Boy Adolescent Homo ergaster searches through swamp grass for food The reconstruction is based on the well preserved skeleton found in northern Kenya of a nine year old male Known as Narioketome boy or Turkana boy He was of slender build with essentially modern human proportions when mature he would have stood about 6 foot fall Acheulean hand axe Large flatfish teardrop shaped symmetric tools made using a consistent technique shaped according to a mental template in the mind of the maker before knapping began General purpose tools used for cutting scraping and hacking Produced in specialized workshops Coexisted with older Oldowan flake tools Core tool Dmanisi Ukraine Oldest hominid found outside of Africa Coeval with H ergaster in Kenya but with a small brain Suggeststhe emergence of a human walking machine with tall slender trunks long legs and shorter arms capable of rapid migration Age allows ample time for indigenouslocal radiations to occur playing by their roles H Antecessor or H mauritanicus in Spain H cepranesis in Italy H floresiensis in Indonesia H georgicus Dmanisi H georgicus Dmanisi H georgicus is named for fossils discovered and Dmanisi a 1 8 million year old Georgian site in the lower Caucusus Mountains The scrania and four jawbones unearthed there since 1991 represent the earliest firm evidence of a hominid that lived outside Africa Its brain was small between 600 and 700 cubic centimeters compared with that of modern humans which averages 1 350 cubic centimeters with long ape like arms The fossils were discovered in association with crude stone choppers and scrapers XI H Floresiensis Homo sapiens The hobbit had a body the size of the three year old modern human child and a brain 1 3 the size ex small grapefruit Descended from H erectus who arrived 840 000 years earlier Survived as late as 13000 bp overlapping arrival of H sapiens for thousands of yars Body sixe the result of Island dwarfing which did occur with archaic elephants on the island XII Island Dwarfism Islands frequently provide less food fewer predators and less competition Mammals tend to get smaller ex stagedon Reptiles tend to get larger ex 30 ft kimono dragons Dwarfed from H erectus that arrived 840 000 bp or did they arrive small bodies from a yet unknown small hominid No absolute proof dwarfing happened ex early full size Herectus remains XIII H Foresiensis Culture Tools similar to those at nearby Mata Menge that date to 800 000 bp Used fire to cook food Hunted stegadons giant rats and kimo dragons Sophisticate tool production implied unexpectedly advanced mental capacity from a small brain XIV Hobbit Brain and Skull A computer image shows a model of the brain red and skull transparent of a homo aloresiensis Nicknamed hobbits after the tiny Lord of the Rings characters the long extinct creatures have been confirmed as a new human species Homo floresiensis according to a new skull study They also appeared to have been relatively smart considering their small brains a finding that is at odds with current human evolution theory Australians continue to argue for new species but are tending toward the immigration of already small hominids rather than island dwarfism Indonesians prefer modern diseased pygmies and wont share the fossils America paleotologists are split XV