ISS 210 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide: Lectures 1-5 Lecture 1Paradigms: set of assumptions that provides a fundamental image of the subject matter within scienceModern Synthesis reduced evolutionary phenomena to generation by generation changes in gene frequencies within populations, under the guiding hand of natural selectionReplaced by model of Punctuated EquilibriumLecture 2Cognitive style: Mysticism, Rationalism, and Empiricism“Facts “ are empirically verifiable There is among evangelical Christians for whom taking the Bible literally is an article of faithThey emerge in a pseudo-scientific debate to “falsely” scientific findings by pointing out gaps in theoryConventional wisdom or “common sense” is the basis of culture, a system of shared understandCharacteristics of science: empirical, cause and effect, materialist, objective, tentativeEvolution: is the product of a million-million chance occurrences that could have had mas many different outcomes.Creationism is a homegrown phenomenon of American socio-cultural history of Protestant fundamentalists1 in 3 American adults indicate that evolution was “absolutely false” compared with 1 in 9 EuropeansNon-Overlapping Magisteria (NOMA)Lecture 3Louis and Mary Leaky began research in Olduval Gorge in 1950s (paleo___)Virtual Anthropology: Use of CT scans and removes breccias and other deposits without damaging the skullTaphonomists study what happen to an individual after death (“Bones” – forensic anthropology)Stratigraphy: the study of the sequences which sedimentary rocks that often contain fossils were laid down.Vulcanic Tuffs: stratigraphy of the Afar region in Ethiopia where A. afrarensis (“Lucy”) was foundChronometrics: K/Ar in volcanic rocks provides key date for stratigraphic layers (2000,000 to several million years) Carbon-14: is radio active isotope of carbon absorbed by living organisms but begins to decay ata fixed rate when they die. Useful on specimens less than 40,000 years old.In biology, species are the largest populations with in which fully functional interbreeding between individuals is possible. Theory of Catastrophism stated that natural laws were suspended and events happened a different rate than they do today.Uniformitarianism = changeA phylum is the lineage or line of descent of a species and chronicle change over timePunctuated Equilibrium: Long periods of species stability with brief periods of speciation, extinction, and replacementAllopatric Speciation: 1. Local population within a species adapt to their local habitat 2. Isolatingmechanism disrupts reproductive continuity 3. The parent and the now-independent species are free to compete should contact ever be reestablished between the two 4. Environmental shifts occur too quickly for Natural Selection to react 5. Speciation is the shifting of genetic and morphological centers of gravity from the parent to the daughter species Know the tooth enamel wear patterns and disadvantages of bipedalism Lecture 4Natural Selection is: Subject to random events and is not an optimization mechanism in the engineering sensePopulation increases geometrically doubling every 25 years but it doesn’t because the food supply increases arithmetically and population growth is thus limited by poverty, disease, and famine, which are natural and inevitableKnow Darwin’s view on natural selection: all individuals in a population differ from each other and this will allow selection to drive the lineage in a different directionKnow the difference between chimps and humans… ex) they share 98.7% DNA in common Differences in Apes and chimps: example is knuckle walking and apes have longer thumbs Five ways genomes can change with time: Natural selection migration, genetic drift, altered mating patterns, such as inbreeding, and mutationSickle-Cell Anemia: A+A (1/4) does not sickle; not resistant but only matters in a malarial environment, A+S (1/2) does not sickle; resistant to malaria, S+S (1/4) sickles; so ill resistance to malaria doesn’t matter, C+C (1/4) super resistant variant would only become a factor if S were eliminated through genetic drift Paranthropus: Vegetarian Extraordinaire: Powerful jaw muscles permitted this creature to chew course diet (Note the sagittal crest and zygomatic arch)Paranthropus Robusts: Hominia with larger molar teethLecture 5P. aethiopicus “Black Skull” had extreme development of sagittal crest and massive cheekbones “Important not to see our evolution as a process of steady fine – toning over eons within a single lineage” (89)The “Tree of Life” has branches representing all organisms, living and extent, evolving from simple to complex but all on the same evolutionary plane. Phylogenetic Trees: Classification based on similarities - organisms were classified together if they were more similar to each other than to other organismsKnow the characteristics of Necrolemur and Tarsier (Tarsi) Know the features of a monkey and an ape Also Bipedalism (walking on two feet) vs. knucklewalking Humans use only 25% of the energy apes use whether knuckle-walking or walking