ISS 210 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide: Lectures 7-10Lecture 7H. havilis has a brain half again as large as A. afarensisHartwig-Scherer and Martin suggest that either limb bones don’t belong to H. havilis or H. Havilis doesn’t belong in genus HomoHomo habilis: (2.5 – 1.5 mya)Eugene Dubois: A physician, he joined the Dutch army to go to Indonesia to find the “missing link” between man and ape that Darwin had hypothesized because apes lived in junglesHomo erectus: Skull cap-long and low with sharply angled rear and bony brow ridgeHomo ergaster: Possessed large faces and chewing teeth compared with modern humans but smaller than AustralopithecinesAdolescent Homo ergaster searches through swamp grass for food. The reconstruction is based on the well preserved skeleton found in northern Kenya of a nine year old male. Known as “Narioketome boy” (or “Turkana boy”)Acheulean “hand axe:” Large, flatfish, teardrop shaped, symmetric tools made using a consistent technique shaped according to a “mental template” in the mind of the maker before knapping beganDmanisi Ukraine: Oldest hominid found outside of Africa H. georgicus is named for fossils discovered and Dmanisi, a 1.8 million year old Georgian site in the lower Caucusus MountainsHomo heidelbergensis (1 mya – 400kyr)H. heidelbergensis dates to 500 kya is well known from Europe and found as far as China at 200 kyrH. neanderthalensis La chapelle aux Saints: Discovered in 1908 and reconstructed by Boule who completely misinterpreted the skeletonLecture 8H. neanderthalensisi saccopastore 1: Brain shape is long and low protruding into an occipital bunNeanderthal Human Skeletons: Main joints are larger and bones are thick walled and strongNeanderthals were more robustly built. Their bones thicker walled and their joints larger than modern humansHomo sapiens idalto (“elder”): Discovered by Tim White in 1997 at Herto Ethiopia and announced in June 2003Blombos cave, South Africa: 75000 year old: ochre plaques engraved with geometric designsMaterial culture of H. sapiens there was indistinguishable from Neanderthals no blade based tools no bone or ivory Regional variants of H. sapiens are the result of a single migration event out of H ergaster out of AfricaArchaic humans in Europe Asia Australia and Africa evolve gradually into modern humansIf the H. Neanderthalsensis genome is more closely related to some Homo sapiens than the various Homo sapiens are to each other, then the multi regional hypothesis is supportedIf the H. Neanderthalensis genome is less closely related to those of Homo sapiens than the various Homo Sapiens are to each other then the replacement hypothesis is more viableNeanderthals were concentrated in Asia and Europe and were directly affected by events, their lineage died outLecture 9The y chromosome is slowly deteriorating and in 5000 generations (125000 years) will be eliminated from the genome leaving only one sex: femaleFemales have XX and males XYMales are X challenged the mothers X pairs with the fathers Y so theres only one chance to get the X chromosome right making males more prone to the expression of deleterious traits caused by defective genes in the X chromosomeY chromosomes don’t recombine creating an unbroken male lineage that allows scientists to track how males spread across the worldMale mtDNA don’t get into the egg when fertilization occurs and the egg cell destroys them f any doMothers pass their mtDNA to their offspring Males do not pass it to the next generationAlan Templeton and Coalescence Analysis: First wave of humans left Africa 1.7 mya, second wave of humans left Africa 5000000 years ago and interbred with the descends of the first wave, third wave of Homo sapiens left Africa 80000Based on the Y chromosomes collected from men who self identify as Jews, Palestinians or Kurdish Muslims, researchers were unable to differentiate the Y chromosomesKhoi-San lineage split off 150-100 K marked by click languages Bantu lineages start to expand about 60K. Click sounds and huntingTwo lineages of lice inhabit H. sapienThese lineages split 1.2 mya when H. sapiens and H.erectus splitLecture 10Consciousness is the product of our brain, which in turn is the product of evolution Cognition: learning, logic, reasoning, and problem solvingEmotion: grief, depression, excitement, and elationSize per se is an indicator of intelligence or cognitive complexity; brain organization is a separatematterWell-conserved; certain functions are always found in the same place in the brains of different animalsBroca studied people with speech disorders who could not sustain articulate speech or were incapable of complete sentencesWernicke studied people who could not understand spoken language although some could readAll human societies possess languageAll human individuals possess the ability to learn language The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Humans and chimps may share 99% of their genome but look different because of the regulation of genesThe FOXP2 gene makes a protein that regulates the development of several regions of the brain Every human child has the ability to: Transform surface structure – speech as heard – using unconscious rules to determine the deep structure without intervention or instruction Children who are not exposed to adult speech never learn to talk and later lose the ability to learn language at all Phones: The smallest units of sound used in speech; Vowels may vary in pitch, “tonality” Phones are consonants break up the flow of the sounds we call vowelsPhonemes are the smallest units of contrastive sounds that convey information in a languageMorphemes: The smallest units of sound that convey meaningSyntax: A grammatical code to help you string words together Mammals, non-human primates and human infants have short pharynx and flat skull basesLieberman believes Neanderthals were incapable of producing unnasalized speech because their tongues were largely contained within the oral cavity and thus could not efficiently seal offthe nasal