ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I The cognitive leap II Stealing Fire from the Jaguar III Symbolic thought IV Blombos Cave South Africa V Hohlenstein Staedl Lowenfrau VI Sungir 28kya nr Moscow VII Culture as Adaptation VIII Lunar Calendar Inscribed on Antler IX Why Language X Verbal Stroking XI Childs Play Outline of Current Lecture I Analytical Understanding II Limitations of Fieldwork III Importance of Theory IV Communication V Persona VI Social Structure VII Status VIII IX Internalization of Norms Norm Conflict Roles and Values Current Lecture I Analytical Understanding The goal is to discover the latent underlying form Latent because it is not apparent on the surface not part of the conscious awareness of members of that society People thought Analytic structures do not always correspond with the natives view of their own society because they don t normally analyze their own behavior Barrett s Spanish village were not conscious of their class structure My analysis of North Hatley derived from changes that were occurring at the provincial level Municipal councils that had traditionally buffered the English villages from the French speaking provincial government were being required to implement provincial II Limitations of Fieldwork Sampling error The research is not truly replicable In Somoa Margaret Mead 1930s interviewed women and girls about social relationships Lowell Holmes 1950s interviewed men about politics and faa soma the Somoan wan Observer Bias Ethnoscience Trying to get the natives understanding through native linguistic terms and modes of thought Questionnaires opinion surveys and scheduled interviews provide data but may not equal sensitive observation Interpersonal Dynamics III Importance of Theory A theoretical perspective is a paradigm that allows researcher To formulate hypotheses based on the theoretical literature or on what other researchers have found in similar circumstances To support or falsify these observations in a broader ethnological comparative context Language is the source of identify and division in North Hatley No religion is To parse the universal from the culturally specific Everyone wants to look young in the US but in Japan To distinguish social science research from journalism IV Communication Human society is built on communication exchange Society imposes categories and classifications On the natural world days years holidays etc On people what and with whom we exchange things Cultures are systems for the exchange of energy and information Exchange is not random but follows a pattern based on socially defined expectations symbolic imposed on social actors V Persona A culture is a system of exchange between persons we do act not as individuals but as persons acting out a social relationship Individuals have different selves and become different persons depending on the context The use of persona in Greek theatre VI Social Structure A social structure is the sum of all the interactions of the members of a given society The basic elements of the social structure are Status define social relationships between persons Norm expectations about the appropriate behavior relative o any status relationship Roles how the individual acts on these expectations Sanctions social mechanisms for punishing the violation of norms VII Status Socially defined relationships that may obtain between persons Ascribed status social statuses determined by birth Achieved status social statuses earned by individual Not prestige or ranking although this may be an aspect of some statuses VIII Internalization of Norms Social ideals norms are not simply out there but are influenced in ones innermost being Individuals in all societies are different yet come to behave in roughly equivalent ways by internalizing norms Individuals learn to adjust their behavior to social conventions by internalizing the expectations of others and making them their Child will wash his hands even when adults are not present The protestant work ethic self respect requires an individual work even when there is no one to supervise Individuals experience a psychological reaction when they are violated Proxemics speaking Minnesotan with a Mexican friend IX Norm Conflict Roles and Values Conflicting expectations create inconsistent and conflicting demands Individuals may have different statuses with different norms at play in the same time Individuals as members of plural communities may experience conflicting expectations related to the same status roommate or boyfriend Role the actual behavior of persons in a status relationship The pattern of conduct and characteristics displayed in one role cannot be transferred directly to another person has to choose between alternate behaviors Role conflict Values the criteria by which you chose between statuses What you chose is indicative of your values study or road trip The choices you make define who you are Learning to resolve these is a consistent manner is important to forming an identity Illustration of Role conflict sibling parents and the truth Status conflict Boomer and Dr Handrick