ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI Sibling Caregivers Age grade Segregation Other Community Involvements Learning About Work USDA Family Expenditure on Children Engaging Groups or Dyads Social Markers Four Stages of the Hindu Life Cycle Life Cycle Makers Age as Life Cycle Marker Piaget s Chemata Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV Cultural Expectations Onset of Responsibility Adolescence Rites of Passage Mbuti Pygmies NKumbe Marriage The Impact of Agriculture Gender Roles Changing Gender Roles in US Changing Family Structure Gender and Social Relations Interdependence and Autonomy Sleeping Independently Interdependence Current Lecture I Cultural Expectations Autonomy and Intent Give and take to children II Onset of Responsibility Cross Cultural comparison suggests children 5 7 begin to be responsible and teachable 8 10 parents begin to count on children to understand and to help with competence and reliability No natural points of transition depends on assumptions and organization of the community Compulsory education shapes maturation III Adolescence Gap between childhood and adulthood Boys are too young to marry Segregated from productive roles in society May have adult responsibilities Universal characteristic or the function of young peoples segregation from productive roles in society By the late 1900s urban life seen as a corrupting force allowing formation of a youth culture with its own styles languages and priorities 1960s beach movies Adults produce the commodities IV Rites of Passage Rituals that assist individuals in their transition from one status in society to another All rites of passage have three stages Separation Physical spatially separated from familiar Symbolically separated by clothing and actions Liminal period standing in the door way Re learning and reeducating initiates Social recognition of the new status Describe how these element figure in wedding ceremonies you are familiar with V Mbuti Pygmies NKumbe Separation South a Boys ceremony Liminality Circumcised VI Marriage Marriage in the majority of worlds communities is arranged by the community or family not just the two individuals Before the industrial revolution parents chose a husband for their daughter based on personal qualities love and personal attachment were secondary considerations Division of labor in many societies require couples to complement each others skills VII The Impact of Agriculture Hunter gatherer communities tended to be flexible and egalitarian in gender roles VIII IX X XI XII XIII Gender Roles Parental treatment of sons and daughters reflects expectations of adult roles Where birth control is not prevalent women spend most of their child bearing years pregnant or nursing Boys and girls spend majority of their time with women assisting with women s activities The Betty Crocker ideal is uncommon Changing Gender Roles in US 19th century shifted from rural to urban Shifted from home to factory during WWII to home Shifted from factory to home post WWII Shifted back to pink collar jobs as service and information processing expanded and inflation required two incomes to maintain middle class standard of living Changing Family Structure Family size decreased Cash outlay per child increased and obvious Child contribution to house hold reduced with child labor laws and compulsory schooling Mothers in labor force from 10 in 1940 to nearly 60 in 1990 Mother only families increased In pre industrial societies husbands and wives were economically interdependent Gender and Social Relations A crisis of confidence Observed among Euro American pre adolescent girls Aggressiveness cross culturally Boys physical bullying aggressive Girls cyber bullying malicious gossip Interdependence and Autonomy Common Sense Independence and Autonomy Euro American mothers goal individuality self expression and form freedom from others in action and thought Child is born dependent and needs to be taught to stand on their own two feet and eventually to leave the nest Intensive involvement with young children then connecting them with external training institutions while monitoring their development Chinese American mothers goal becoming self reliant and developing the social skills needed to become successful contributing members of the family and society Prepare child for lifetime engagement with the family Sleeping Independently US belief that night time separation is essential to developing sense of independence and makes daytime separation easier Infants have their own room Bedtime rituals Avoid giving infant comfort at night Cross culturally In 136 societies 2 3 of infants sleep with their mother in the rest infants slept in the same room In 100 societies Americans were the only ones to maintain space for their babies Ethnocentrism Americans reacted as negatively to children sleeping with parents as members of other societies reacted with shock to the motion of American children sleeping alone XIV Interdependence Responsive interaction with the group based on respect for autonomy of individuals Individual autonomy is a social product One gains autonomy to the extent one grants it Non intervention except when actions would cause serious harm Forcing a child to follow the mothers agenda would be lack respect for the child s autonomy Siblings voluntarily respect infants autonomy surrounding object they themselves want Mazahua respect sets pattern for leadership and adult interaction Non intervention viewed by outsiders a lack of control over children