Exam covers Chapters 1 3 in your Harrison text Exam will be 50 questions worth 2 points each Be able to define and identify the following Scientific Method A method of explanation that develops and tests theories about how observable facts are related Seeks to explain why human beings behave as they do 1 ask q 2 research existing source 3 hypothesis 4 conduct study 5 conclusions 6 report results Science Any organized body of knowledge Variables a concept that has more than 1 value that we wish to understand or think will influence another concept Hypothesis Assert some relationship between observable facts or events Are two or more events or behaviors related Does either event or behavior cause the other Inductive Reasoning To observe one phenomenon or series of phenomena and mega general assertions based on that observation Specific to broad Deductive Reasoning In fearing from a general theory to a particular case x y and y z so x z Starting point Big to small Probabilistic statement A statement that applies to some proportion of circumstances Reasoning from a specific to the general Null hypothesis A statement that the program or treatment has no effect Correlation A significant statistical relationship When 2 things are related but 1 does not cause the other Ideology Integrated system of ideas about values in general and the ideal role of government in particular They rationalize justify power in society Political ideologies Political and economical ideologies go hand in hand with both political and economic structures driving to promote Ideals in terms of individual liberties or equality or the protection of the political party or state Political Ideology of classic Liberalism Inalienable rights People create Social contract to protect rights Limited gov gov cannot break rights that were made to protect Equality of opportunity everyone has chance to develop individual capacities to his or her natural limits Economic ideologies Influenced by political Ideology and how government should play a role in the economy Kinds of government monarchy royal family rules Constitutional traditional oligarchy elite few hold power Dictatorship North Korea democracy people hold power Republics or representative democracies use citizen elected leaders to represent their views Kinds of economy 4 types of economic systems which decide how to deal with Scarcity Traditional An economy in which patterns of behavior established over the long term guide how individuals and groups allocate scarce resources Command planned economy scarcity is address exclusively by the government which decides how resources are distributed what products are produced the price of these products on the marketplace and the price of Labor Socialism is one form of command economy Market Individuals decide what goods to purchase what skills to acquire the price they will charge for their labor and what goods they will purchase with their income Gov plays no role Mixed individuals and the government both decide issues of scarcity through the allocation and distribution of resources Most advanced economic systems are mixed debate about how much individual versus government Scarcity The fact that the thing of value income natural and man made resources capital and time are limited Classical Liberalism Limits The Power of government and values the dignity words and freedom of the individual Rejected the divine right of kings Outgrowth of enlightenment age of reason specifically natural law Alternative vision as to how individuals anf gov should function Modern Liberalism Accepts government power as a positive force in freeing people from poverty ignorance discrimination and sickness Communism Calls for The evolutionary Democratic replacement of the private enterprise system with government ownership of Industry HATE capitalism believes it creates unequal classes and Government owns everything and distributes to people equally No private property business Not very successful have not seen one Conservatism ideology and emphasizing individual freedom from government control than maximum personal Liberty Totalitarianism Incorporates all sections of society into the state 1 ruler Seen in faciest states decides everything ro achieve a certain goal Socialism A system in which society usually in the form of the government owns and controls the means of production relies on central nationalism wealth distributed Same with communism as in HATES capitalism BUT believes in individual rights therefore less gov power than communism Has private properties Natural Law The premise that the laws that govern human behavior come from the nature of humans themselves and can be universally applied Murdering someone is bad Inalienable rights rights that cannot be taken away from the gov notably in classical liberalism although observed by both modern liberalism and conservatism unalienable rights Capitalism An economic system that protects private property private ownership of businesses and the freedom to buy and sell goods and services with a minimum of government intervention USA Elites The few people who have power and control what is valued in society Masses The many who do not have power many whose lives are shaped by institutions events and leaders over which they have little control Legitimacy The belief that the exercise of power is right or proper and that people are morally obligated to submit to it How we see people in charge where do they get their source of power from USA president where does the president get the power from constitution Tradition legality voting processes etc Max Weber Sources of legitimacy EX gov church military 4 sources of legitimacy Tradition Established beliefs in sanctity of authority and moral need to obey leaders Charisma Personal heroic qualities of a leader Legality A commitment to rules not rulers that bind both leaders and people Rational Legal Authority Legitimacy conferred by rules agreed on by both leaders and followers Authority Power that is exercised legitimately Karl Marx Upper middle class intellectual wrote Communist Manifesto 1848 father of modern day communism rejected capitalism Supported people who do NOT have power to start a revolution and change society marx is trying to let people know that they should rise up to create a Revolution change in the society so that we don t continue to have this distinctly class based system that capitalism creates Bossuet Idea of Divine right of kings