ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I II III IV V VI VII Puritan Influence Parental Styles of Discipline Teachers Discipline Testing and Shaming Moral Reasoning Morality Western Confucian Restorative Justice Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV V VI VII Competition The Curve Competition in School Striving for Attention Cultural Historical Theory Jean Piaget Decentration and Reversibility Current Lecture I II Competition Competition accumulate instilled in middle class Euro American children leaves them with a rigid sense of self and tendency to avoid cooperative play initiated by others Cultural patterns US Urban groups Anglo and African American competed vigorously in experiments even though it meant tat no one would win Competition so engrained in these S children that they compete even when this strategy works against what they are trying to accomplish The Curve Max Meyer proposed in Science 1908 that grading should follow a normal curve that forces competition Top 3 excellent 22 superior Middle 50 medium The next 22 inferior III IV V VI VII The bottom 3 failing Grading on the curve provided a scientific approach Critique University students who focused on grades rather than learning reported being irritated when class discussion went beyond the exam material more distracted during lectures and did worse on exam Students not subjected to competition are more likely to learn from each other in a cooperative manner Competition in School The use of individual competition and individual recognition to structure the classroom may be violated community norms In some communities adults view praise as bad for children it makes them conceited and use more oblique methods Striving for Attention Middle class US parents regard children s attention seeking behavior as striving for achievement and regard such behavior even misbehavior that attract attention In schools and other formal and informal institutions Children not only learn a curriculum but also ways to relating one another that the structure of the institution embodies Socially constructed completion can be positive Cultural Historical Theory Results of cross cultural studies raised the question of whether general cognitive processes exist Vygostsky argued that peoples cognitive development occurs when they learn to use cultural tools for thinking from others who are more experienced with such tools and institutions Cognitive skills are products of sociocultural activity not separate free standing capabilities or faculties as assumed in traditional psychology The individuals cognitive development derives from the acquisition of knowledge or skills through shared endeavors with other people building on cultural practices and traditions Jean Piaget Observed that children s thinking transformed in stages he presumed were universal Early cross cultural testing assumed that this development followed a linear one dimensional tract This cultural bias led to initial assumption of retardation where people did not seem to reach his formal operational stage of everyday remarkable feasts of everyday cognition performing complex tasks Decentration and Reversibility Decentration is the ability to imaginatively view the world from the perspective of another
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