ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Homo habilisII. Bonobo TermiteIII. Eugene DuboisIV. Homo erectusV. Homo ergasterVI. H. ergaster: The “Turkana Boy” VII. “Turkana Boy” VIII. Acheulean “hand axe” IX. Dmanisi UkraineX. H. georgicus (Dmanisi) XI. H. Floresiensis & Homo sapiensXII. Island Dwarfism? XIII. H. Foresiensis CultureXIV. “Hobbit” Brain and Skull XV. Ebu Gogo: Myth or Reality? XVI. H. heidelbergensis Bodo in EthiopiaXVII. Terra AmataXVIII. Mousterian: Lerallois Core and FlakeXIX. H. Heidelbergensis: AtapuercasXX. Atapuerca Skull ReconstructionXXI. La Chapelle aux SaintsXXII. H. neanderthalensis La chapelle aux SaintsXXIII. La Chapelle-aux-saints: Boules’s Reconstruction Outline of Current LectureI. The Neanderthal StereotypeII. Burial of the DeadIII. H. neanderthalensisi saccopastore 1IV. Neanderthal Human SkeletonsV. Neanderthal: Grip and ThighsVI. Homo sapiens idalto (“elder”)VII. Quafzeh 1X (adult female)VIII. Blombos cave, South AfricaIX. Homo Sapiens becomes a uniquely dangerous competitorX. Multi regional continuity modelXI. Testing the multiregional hypothesisXII. Ecological Collapse: 40 kyaCurrent LectureI. The Neanderthal Stereotype– Based on Boule’s reconstruction, this 1909 illustration of a Neanderthal established the stereotype as ape manII. Burial of the Dead– Disposal of unpleasant chatter – Flexed requires smaller pit – Shanidar a bed of flowers or stay pollen– Old man with a crippled arm– Burial symbolic or simple expression of greif and loss– No grave goods to suggest belief in an afterlifeIII. H. neanderthalensisi saccopastore 1– The cranial vault is long and low– Brain shape is long and low protruding into an occipital bun– Cheek bones sweep back– Massive, continuous brow ridge IV. Neanderthal Human Skeletons– Main joints are larger– Bones are thick walled and strong– Shoulder blades suggest powerful upper arm muscles– Massive pelvis suggests differences in gaitV. Neanderthal: Grip and Thighs– Neanderthals were more robustly built. Their bones thicker walled and their joints larger than modern humans– Neanderthal finger bone on left, modern on right– Neanderthal femur on left, modern weight lifter on rightVI. Homo sapiens idalto (“elder”)– Discovered by Tim White in 1997 at Herto Ethiopia and announced in June 2003– Dated 160000 years ago is it a better candidate for homo sapiens than `95000 year old cranium found n the 1960s at kibish omo – Two adults and six children with skulls slightly larger and longer than modern H. s– Lends supports the “Out of Africa” hypothesisVII. Quafzeh 1X (adult female)– 93000 year old site at Jevel-Qafzeh in the Levant is anatomically modern with a few archaic features– Sites contain Mousterian tools, a suggestion of burials but no evidence of symbolic activity– Co existing with NeanderthalsVIII. Blombos cave, South Africa– 75000 year old: ochre plaques engraved with geometric designsIX. Homo Sapiens becomes a uniquely dangerous competitor– Co existence between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in the Levant from 100 yato 40 kya– Material culture of H. sapiens there was indistinguishable from Neanderthals no blade based tools no bone or ivory – Inplernents no decorative or symbolic activity– Symbol equipped H. sapiens arrives in Europe 40 kya and by 27 kya Neanderthalsare gone– Out competed coupled with ethoic cleansing – Unlikely they interbred but many prefer the “lovers, not fighters” modelX. Multi regional continuity model– Regional variants of H. sapiens are the result of a single migration event out of H ergaster out of Africa– Archaic humans in Europe Asia Australia and Africa evolve gradually into modern humans– Sufficiently isolated to accumulate adaptations to local environments and to retaining local peculiavities– Sufficient interbreeding at the margins to maintain one interfertile speciesXI. Testing the multiregional hypothesis– If there is a pattern of shared genomes among all archaic humans – If the H. Neanderthalsensis genome is more closely related to some Homo sapiens than the various Homo sapiens are to each other, then the multi regionalhypothesis is supported– If the H. Neanderthalensis genome is less closely related to those of Homo sapiens than the various Homo Sapiens are to each other then the replacement hypothesis is more viableXII. Ecological Collapse: 40 kya– 40 kya a volcanic winter cause by eruptions across Europe led to ecological collapse due to rapid environmental deterioration– Neanderthals were concentrated in Asia and Europe and were directly affected by events, their lineage died out– Most Early modern humans were in western Asia and Africa and were unaffectedand those that were had a replenishment population else where that repopulated the