ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Homo habilis II Bonobo Termite III Eugene Dubois IV Homo erectus V Homo ergaster VI H ergaster The Turkana Boy VII Turkana Boy VIII Acheulean hand axe IX Dmanisi Ukraine X H georgicus Dmanisi XI H Floresiensis Homo sapiens XII Island Dwarfism XIII H Foresiensis Culture XIV Hobbit Brain and Skull XV Ebu Gogo Myth or Reality XVI H heidelbergensis Bodo in Ethiopia XVII Terra Amata XVIII Mousterian Lerallois Core and Flake XIX H Heidelbergensis Atapuercas XX Atapuerca Skull Reconstruction XXI La Chapelle aux Saints XXII H neanderthalensis La chapelle aux Saints XXIII La Chapelle aux saints Boules s Reconstruction Outline of Current Lecture I The Neanderthal Stereotype II Burial of the Dead III H neanderthalensisi saccopastore 1 IV Neanderthal Human Skeletons V Neanderthal Grip and Thighs VI Homo sapiens idalto elder VII Quafzeh 1X adult female VIII Blombos cave South Africa IX Homo Sapiens becomes a uniquely dangerous competitor X Multi regional continuity model XI Testing the multiregional hypothesis XII Ecological Collapse 40 kya Current Lecture I The Neanderthal Stereotype Based on Boule s reconstruction this 1909 illustration of a Neanderthal established the stereotype as ape man II Burial of the Dead Disposal of unpleasant chatter Flexed requires smaller pit Shanidar a bed of flowers or stay pollen Old man with a crippled arm Burial symbolic or simple expression of greif and loss No grave goods to suggest belief in an afterlife III H neanderthalensisi saccopastore 1 The cranial vault is long and low Brain shape is long and low protruding into an occipital bun Cheek bones sweep back Massive continuous brow ridge IV Neanderthal Human Skeletons Main joints are larger Bones are thick walled and strong Shoulder blades suggest powerful upper arm muscles Massive pelvis suggests differences in gait V Neanderthal Grip and Thighs Neanderthals were more robustly built Their bones thicker walled and their joints larger than modern humans Neanderthal finger bone on left modern on right Neanderthal femur on left modern weight lifter on right VI Homo sapiens idalto elder Discovered by Tim White in 1997 at Herto Ethiopia and announced in June 2003 Dated 160000 years ago is it a better candidate for homo sapiens than 95000 year old cranium found n the 1960s at kibish omo Two adults and six children with skulls slightly larger and longer than modern H s Lends supports the Out of Africa hypothesis VII Quafzeh 1X adult female 93000 year old site at Jevel Qafzeh in the Levant is anatomically modern with a few archaic features Sites contain Mousterian tools a suggestion of burials but no evidence of symbolic activity Co existing with Neanderthals VIII Blombos cave South Africa 75000 year old ochre plaques engraved with geometric designs IX Homo Sapiens becomes a uniquely dangerous competitor Co existence between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in the Levant from 100 ya to 40 kya Material culture of H sapiens there was indistinguishable from Neanderthals no blade based tools no bone or ivory Inplernents no decorative or symbolic activity Symbol equipped H sapiens arrives in Europe 40 kya and by 27 kya Neanderthals are gone Out competed coupled with ethoic cleansing Unlikely they interbred but many prefer the lovers not fighters model X Multi regional continuity model Regional variants of H sapiens are the result of a single migration event out of H ergaster out of Africa Archaic humans in Europe Asia Australia and Africa evolve gradually into modern humans Sufficiently isolated to accumulate adaptations to local environments and to retaining local peculiavities Sufficient interbreeding at the margins to maintain one interfertile species XI Testing the multiregional hypothesis If there is a pattern of shared genomes among all archaic humans If the H Neanderthalsensis genome is more closely related to some Homo sapiens than the various Homo sapiens are to each other then the multi regional hypothesis is supported If the H Neanderthalensis genome is less closely related to those of Homo sapiens than the various Homo Sapiens are to each other then the replacement hypothesis is more viable XII Ecological Collapse 40 kya 40 kya a volcanic winter cause by eruptions across Europe led to ecological collapse due to rapid environmental deterioration Neanderthals were concentrated in Asia and Europe and were directly affected by events their lineage died out Most Early modern humans were in western Asia and Africa and were unaffected and those that were had a replenishment population else where that repopulated the territory