ISS 210 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide: Lectures 15 - 18Lecture 15Apollonian Pueblo Indians: Marked distrust of individualism and high levels of self controlDionysian Plains Indians: Self related, emotionally expressive and individualist High Plains Culture:Formal: grow and CheyenneInformal: ComancheIn-group hostility repressed; within tribe murder punished: Cheyenne In-group hostility expressed; within tribe murder led to revenge: ComancheCultural InterferenceHabits and behaviors that are in grained and performed without thinkingEthnocentrism is a high valuation placed on ones own culture and disparagement of other peoples cultureLanguage interference – habits of our first languageIntegration – a custom or process is firmly embedded in a cultural matrix that it cannot be removed without adversely affecting other institutionsKanji: Cultural loss since young people could not read the old script Aesthetics: poetry, verse & calligraphy intimately bound Belief, Ritual and Conformity: People may adhere to social customs and not having thought about them offer secondary rationalizations when asked why do you do this?Men’s shirt buttons and women’sPeople may express themselves symbolically without being aware of the meaning of the symbolsThe meaning of actions and things exist socially and like words in language mean what the audience, not the speaker intends.Symbols are ambiguous; they can mean different things to different peopleA symbol is something whose meaning is bestowed it upon it by those who use itA sign is a representation of a tangible (object)Symbols are bipolar: one end grounded in the physical, the other in the realm of ideaWe physically encounter symbols (ritually) and through them experience the idea or belief behind themLecture 16Zande understand that termites weakened granary causing it to collapse to seek shelter from the sun under the granary; everyone doesChina has been an argrarian society for millennia, land is life and is held collectively by familiesOnes rights to land and social identity derives from the family and ones place in the family derives from ones relationship to the ancestorsChinese funeral customs provide ritual release even without conscious understanding of the meaning of the symbolsXi Bo silver or yellow paper squares folded in boat like shape to represent ancient moneyBody conformity or lack of is an indication of social commitmentThe harnessed body: tight dress and rigid body control (short hair and uniforms) symbolize discipline and conformityUnkempt and bizarre dress for non conformists: religious prophets or social rebels Emic: an actor-based perspectiveEtic: an observer-based perspectiveNon problematic drinking: “The association of drinking with any kind of specifically associated problems = physical, economic, psychological, social relational or other- is rare among cultures throughout both history and the contemporary worldMost problems linked with drinking – crime, violence, disorder, accidents, spousal abuse, disease, etc – are associated with excessive, abnormal drinking Temperance, dry, Nordic, or ambivalent drinking cultures in UK, US, Scandinavian, and Australia associated with violent and anti social behaviorNon temperance, wet, or integrated drinking cultures in Mediterranean and South American culture, largely peaceful and harmonious behaviorIn all cultures, drinking is Universal associated with celebration and an essential element of festivity and a rule-governed activity with self-imposed norms on who may drink how much of what, when, how, in what contexts and to what effect Drinking is imbedded in culture and most aspects of culture are imbedded in the act of drinking including perceptions of masculine and feminineDistinction between ‘masculine and feminine beveragesLecture 17In societies with an ambivalent, morally charged relationship with alcohol (US/UK) where alcohol marks the transition from work to play (UK/US) Bolivian Camba drink excessively yet anti-social or violent behavior are completely unknownAlcoholism- a physiological or psychological dependency on ethanol which may or may not be socially disruptive, an individual afflictionDrunkenness- a temporary loss of control over ones reaction and behavior while drinking alcoholAlcohol Abuse- socially disruptive behaviors associated with the consumption of beverage alcohol, a society afflictionCarnival traditions involve role reversals, men dress in women’s clothes and prance about in an exaggerated caricature of famine behaviorEthanol Equivalents: Proof is the twice the percentage of alcohol in a beverage, alcohol is absorbed via the stomach and small intestine, continue to absorb alcohol 60 to 90 minutes afteryour last drink, the faster alcohol is ingested, the higher the peak concentrationBlood Alcohol Level (BAL): Stages of intoxication determined my volume of alcohol to body muscle mass and liver functionCalculating BAC: The 0.008law in MI: a person has an alcohol content of 0.08 per 100 milliliters of blood per 210 liters of breath, or per 67 milliliters of urineEnvironment negatively determines choices allowing a range of responses but maladaptive traits either disappear or negatively affect the viability of the populationThe concept of integration: Once a set of sociocultural relationships become integrated into a structure it is difficult to modify elements without effecting parts of the whole Elements borrowed from other cultures are recast and reinterpreted according to the culture of the borrowing society Elements in a cultural system tend to become mutually consistent and reinforcing Cultures must be explained in terms of culturesLecture 18People develop as participants in cultural communities; their development can only be understood in the cultural practices and circumstances of their communities Caring for other children (10 or older in the idle class US; 5-7 in other societies) Social Context. Autonomy handling knives and fire (For 8-10 month old infants; US middle class 5 or older) Specialized institutions to deliver human services; education and medical care led to age segregationAge grading segregated children from full range of community activities Understanding ones own cultural heritage requires taking the perspective of people form other cultural backgroundsCultural communities change, as do individual social and physical environments change, including new ways of making a livingVariation exists within communities because