ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Analytical Understanding II Limitations of Fieldwork III Importance of Theory IV Communication V Persona VI Social Structure VII Status VIII Internalization of Norms IX Norm Conflict Roles and Values Outline of Current Lecture I Sanctions II Social Relations as Potential III Reciprocity IV Levi Strauss on Exchange V Time of Obligation VI Types of Reciprocity VII Balanced Reciprocity Current Lecture I Sanctions Punishment for violating norms Types Ridicule targets at individual behavior Gossip targets group to attain a normative consensus Ostracism exclusion by general consent removes the individual from the group excommunication Psychological factors Guilt as internal control convinced of the compelling reality of the norms Shame as an external control recognize the importance norm has for others II Social Relations as Potential The social structure establishes potential channels for exchange by defining status and norms Determines what behaviors are appropriate in a given social situation and enforces its judgment Becomes real only if acted upon social relations exist but they are perpetuated intensified and created through exchange Becoming cousins the unspoken rules of kinship and hospitality III Reciprocity Social relations regulate the flow of goods The goods themselves are inconsequential affirming the relationship is primary The value of the goods is always secondary to the giving of the goods Exchange is the glue that binds society because of the universal social obligation To give To receive To repay IV Levi Strauss on Exchange What we exchange and with whom affirms or denies the relationship The Mbuti brother in law and the pipestem Fox Indian missing work because a material uncle asked for a ride The three hems of exchange Words verbal stroking Goods Services Women marriage alliance between families V Time of Obligation When someone gives us a gift and we give them a gift in return does that end our obligations to one another Time of Obligations is a measure of the quality of the relationship the deeper and more enduring the relationship the more time that can pass between exchanges without sense of distrust Buying dinner for friends on a Friday night pt them into a panic so that they had to engineer an outgoing to buy us dinner on Sunday Meeting up with my college roommate once every couple of years VI Types of Reciprocity Generalized Multidimensional exchange within family No one keeps score unless it becomes too imbalanced the sanctioned with argument Balanced Specific items exchanged within group The friend who quit smoking One is constrained to deal fairly within this moral community and cheating is sanctioned Skewed reciprocity is the practice of obligating others to you by giving more than they can repay creating debts you can manipulate Prestation describes a given gift with an eye to the return gift Negative Careat emptor applies no moral obligation to deal fairly with those outside your moral community Cheating outsiders may bring honor within ones moral community VII Balanced Reciprocity Functional basis for balanced reciprocity within hunting bands Limitations A hunters is not always successful and his family may go without meat for extended periods There are limited means of preserving meat so it must be consumed quickly Sharing meat among hunters Reinforces kinship or other relationships Creates obligations that bind the hunters Ensures that a hunter and his family will access to meat whenever it is available Access to wider social network provides basis for social control Men use their cooperative networks to dominate the broader social context of the community It is not the food it is the network Women provide 80