ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Analytical UnderstandingII. Limitations of Fieldwork III. Importance of TheoryIV. CommunicationV. PersonaVI. Social StructureVII. Status VIII. Internalization of NormsIX. Norm Conflict, Roles and Values Outline of Current LectureI. SanctionsII. Social Relations as Potential III. ReciprocityIV. Levi-Strauss on Exchange V. Time of Obligation VI. Types of ReciprocityVII. Balanced Reciprocity Current LectureI. Sanctions– Punishment for violating norms– Types:– Ridicule- targets at individual behavior – Gossip- targets group to attain a normative consensus– Ostracism- exclusion by general consent; removes the individual from the group (excommunication)– Psychological factors– Guilt as internal control – convinced of the compelling reality of the norms– Shame as an external control – recognize the importance norm has for othersII. Social Relations as Potential – The social structure establishes potential channels for exchange by defining status and norms– Determines what behaviors are appropriate in a given social situation and enforces its judgment– Becomes real only if acted upon “social relations exist, but they are perpetuated, intensified and created through exchange” – “Becoming cousins” the unspoken rules of kinship and hospitality III. Reciprocity– Social relations regulate the flow of goods: The goods themselves are inconsequential, affirming the relationship is primary– The value of the goods is always secondary to the giving of the goods– Exchange is the “glue” that binds society because of the universal social obligation– To give– To receive– To repay IV. Levi-Strauss on Exchange – What we exchange and with whom affirms or denies the relationship– The Mbuti brother in law and the pipestem – Fox Indian missing work because a material uncle asked for a ride– The three hems of exchange– Words (verbal stroking)– Goods/Services– Women (marriage alliance between families) V. Time of Obligation – When someone gives us a gift and we give them a gift in return, does that end our obligations to one another? – Time of Obligations is a measure of the quality of the relationship, the deeper and more enduring the relationship, the more time that can pass between exchanges without sense of distrust – Buying dinner for friends on a Friday night pt them into a panic, so that they had to engineer an outgoing to buy us dinner on Sunday– Meeting up with my college roommate once every couple of yearsVI. Types of Reciprocity– Generalized – Multidimensional exchange within family – No one keeps score unless it becomes too imbalanced the sanctioned with argument– Balanced– Specific items exchanged within group– The friend who “quit smoking”One is constrained to deal fairly within this “moral community” and cheating is sanctioned – Skewed reciprocity is the practice of obligating others to you by giving more than they can repay, creating debts you can manipulate– Prestation describes a given gift with an eye to the return “gift” – Negative – Careat emptor applies no moral obligation to deal fairly with those outside your “moral community”– Cheating outsiders may bring honor within ones “moral community” VII. Balanced Reciprocity – Functional basis for balanced reciprocity within hunting bands– Limitations:– A hunters is not always successful and his family may go without meat for extended periods– There are limited means of preserving meat, so it must be consumed quickly– Sharing meat among hunters– Reinforces kinship or other relationships– Creates obligations that bind the hunters – Ensures that a hunter and his family will access to meat whenever it is available– Access to wider social network provides basis for social control– Men use their cooperative networks to dominate the broader social context of the community – It is not the food, it is the network– Women provide