ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Participation in Cultural Communities II. Industrialization III. Cultural Process IV. Change and Variation V. Culture Shock VI. Linear Cultural Evolution VII. Defining Intelligence VIII. Preparation for LifeIX. Insider/Outsider PerspectiveX. Emics and EticsXI. When is the “same” situation? Outline of Current Lecture I. Syllogistic ArgumentII. Nature and Nurture: A False Dichotomy III. Vygotsky and DevelopmentIV. Language Acquisition V. Language DevelopmentVI. Gender DifferencesVII. Gender Role Training Current LectureI. Syllogistic Argument– Form of deductive reasoning with– A major premise: all men are mortal – A general statement the speakers believe to be true– A minor premise: Socrates is mortal– Does the conclusion follow from the premises? – If so, then the syllogism is true– Some cultures do not use this type of reasoning thus the Turk in Anatolia who doesn’t know what color bears are in the Arctic because he hasn’t seen one.II. Nature and Nurture: A False Dichotomy– False to assume that the universals are biological and variations are cultural– Breast feeding and weaning – Nature and nurture are inseparable influences on human development – Infant breathing and sudden infant death syndrome III. Vygotsky and Development– Ontogenetic development – occurs in the time frame of the individual life span proving the time frame for the following levels of development – Phylogenetic development – of the species history in the form of genes changing over millennia– Cultural-historical development – the cultural legacy of symbolic and material technologies (literacy, number systems, and computers) changing over across decades and centuries– Microgenetic development – the moment to moment learning of individuals in particularcontextsIV. Language Acquisition – Learning language is as natural, innate or biological for a human brain as breaking or walking– Babbling– All infant babbling around the world has the same sounds until between six months to a year – Learn auditory boundariesV. Language Development– 12 months– Understand a few words and commands (NO) – 18 months– Holophrastic speech (MILK)– 2 years– Two word phrases (WANT MILK)– 3 years– Link between Broca’s area and Wernick’s area incomplete– Has a 1000 word vocab but can recognize 2000 to 3000 words– 4 years– Essential mastery of language: overgeneralized rules– 8 years– Language begin to sort themselves out– Begins to self correct for irregular forms VI. Gender Differences– Based on both biological and cultural heritage – Different procreation strategies: women invest heavily in children to reproduce their genes, whereas men invest little time and effort– Pair bonding is mechanism used by women to gain support of males in raising children – Cultural rules to assure fatherhood result in double standards regarding virginity and sexual activity (adultery) – Comes from adulterate to contaminate or pollute– Evolutionary psychology tends to offer just so stories to explain cultural practices– In other mammals and non-human primates, new dominant male will often kill females offspring by the prior male– Infant morality rates for children with step fathers is statistically higher– Violence or simple neglect? VII. Gender Role Training – Discourage gender inappropriate behavior– Age and gender– Older girls responsible for infant care, assigned work in the home requiring compliance to their mothers– Children can be more rigid about gender rules than adults– Gender stereotypes from media and schools– Subtle info about gender perceived without conscious awareness implicit culture and thus more like to