ISS 210 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI Participation in Cultural Communities Industrialization Cultural Process Change and Variation Culture Shock Linear Cultural Evolution Defining Intelligence Preparation for Life Insider Outsider Perspective Emics and Etics When is the same situation Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV V VI VII Syllogistic Argument Nature and Nurture A False Dichotomy Vygotsky and Development Language Acquisition Language Development Gender Differences Gender Role Training Current Lecture I Syllogistic Argument Form of deductive reasoning with A major premise all men are mortal A general statement the speakers believe to be true A minor premise Socrates is mortal Does the conclusion follow from the premises If so then the syllogism is true Some cultures do not use this type of reasoning thus the Turk in Anatolia who doesn t know what color bears are in the Arctic because he hasn t seen one II Nature and Nurture A False Dichotomy False to assume that the universals are biological and variations are cultural Breast feeding and weaning Nature and nurture are inseparable influences on human development Infant breathing and sudden infant death syndrome III Vygotsky and Development Ontogenetic development occurs in the time frame of the individual life span proving the time frame for the following levels of development Phylogenetic development of the species history in the form of genes changing over millennia Cultural historical development the cultural legacy of symbolic and material technologies literacy number systems and computers changing over across decades and centuries Microgenetic development the moment to moment learning of individuals in particular contexts IV Language Acquisition Learning language is as natural innate or biological for a human brain as breaking or walking Babbling All infant babbling around the world has the same sounds until between six months to a year Learn auditory boundaries V Language Development 12 months Understand a few words and commands NO 18 months Holophrastic speech MILK 2 years Two word phrases WANT MILK 3 years Link between Broca s area and Wernick s area incomplete Has a 1000 word vocab but can recognize 2000 to 3000 words 4 years Essential mastery of language overgeneralized rules 8 years Language begin to sort themselves out Begins to self correct for irregular forms VI Gender Differences Based on both biological and cultural heritage Different procreation strategies women invest heavily in children to reproduce their genes whereas men invest little time and effort Pair bonding is mechanism used by women to gain support of males in raising children Cultural rules to assure fatherhood result in double standards regarding virginity and sexual activity adultery Comes from adulterate to contaminate or pollute Evolutionary psychology tends to offer just so stories to explain cultural practices In other mammals and non human primates new dominant male will often kill females offspring by the prior male Infant morality rates for children with step fathers is statistically higher Violence or simple neglect VII Gender Role Training Discourage gender inappropriate behavior Age and gender Older girls responsible for infant care assigned work in the home requiring compliance to their mothers Children can be more rigid about gender rules than adults Gender stereotypes from media and schools Subtle info about gender perceived without conscious awareness implicit culture and thus more like to be