Chem 1100 Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Water ContinuedII. Water as a SolventIII. ElectrolyteIV. Ionic CompoundsOutline of Current Lecture I. Ionic Compounds ContinuedII. Name to FormulaIII. SolubilityIV. Soluble CovalentsV. Like Dissolves LikeVI. International ConcernsCurrent LectureI. Ionic Compounds ContinuedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a.b. Pink are metals. 1A & 7A are nonmetals. II. Going from the Name to the Formulaa. EX: Sodium Chloride- Metal: Sodium – Group 1A - +1 ChargeNonmetal: Chlorine – Group 7A  -1 charge= NaClb. Group 1A  +1 Group 2A  +2 Group 3A  +3 Group 5A  -3 Group 6A  -2 Group 7A  -1c. EX: Magnesium Bromide: Mg: Group 2A  +2 Charge Br: Group 7A  -1 Charged. EX: Calcium Oxide: Ca: Group 2A  +2 Charge O: Group 6A  -2 Chargee. Some metals can have more than one charge. A negative charge means you are using a roman numerals.f. FeCl2 2Cl- is -2 so Fe is +2 Iron(2)Chlorideg. FeCl3 3Cl- is -3 so Fe is +3 Iron (3) Chlorideh. Cr2S3 3 S^-2 is -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) Chromium (3) Sulfide III. Solubilitya. When sodium chloride dissolves in water it forms dipole ion interactions.b. Water can do hydrogen bonding. It’s a polar molecule. A positive and negative side.c. When sodium chloride dissolves in water, the water points its negative end toward the cation. There is no electron-sharing going on. Not a true bond. By forming these interactions you get a little bit of energy back. Now the positive end of the water molecule points toward that negative charge. You can form a whole lot of these. That’s why sodium chloride is soluble in water. d. Ion attraction too great for H2O to break – wont dissolve much (solubility rules)e.f. Water dissolves ionic compounds and covalent compounds.g. Covalent compounds will not break up into ions.IV. Soluble Covalentsa. Sugar, Ethanol – covalent compounds, soluble, nonelectrolytes, they don’t get separated into ions, they’ve got OH groups on them, since they have them they’re capable of hydrogen bonding.b.c. Sugar is soluble because the water molecules will surround those molecules. d. Oil floats on top of water because there isn’t any OH in the oil for the water to form hydrogen bonds with. V. Like Dissolves Likea. NaCl (polar ionic) is soluble.b. Sugar (polar) is soluble (H-bonds).c. Oil (nonpolar) is insoluble (no “poles”).d. CHCl3 (polar) is insoluble.VI. Pollutantsa. Nonpolar – dissolve in oil (dry cleaners use this method). Trihalomethans (THMs) – chloroform is one of these. They don’t dissolve in water very well.b. Consumption – If you consume something that is polar it will end up in your bloodstream. Nonpolar things end up in your fat cells. Fat cells do not get filteredso things that end up there can build up over time. c. Mineral Concerns?i. Calcium is something we have in our water. It’s a nutrient (milk is the bestway to consume it). Calcium is the reason why we describe our tap water as “hard”. ii. Nitrates - are produced by fertilizers. Agricultural runoff can cause water to become polluted. Young children drinking contaminated water with nitrates can cause Blue Baby syndrome.iii. Lead/Chlorine are toxic. iv. Na (sodium ions) can contribute to high blood pressured. Making Potable Water (Fit to drink)i. First, they screen the water for large objectsii. Second, they run water over Al(OH)3 to make the left over dirt and clay tostick to it and be filtered from the water.iii. Thirdly, Chlorination (bubbled chlorine gas) is filtered through the water and kills bacteria and viruses. This is what cause the bad test or smell thattap water may sometimes have. iv. Distillation – is a way to filter water by heating it up separating the water from the salt. Then the water that evaporates is collected in a tube and then slowly drips water into a beaker as it cools. v. Reverse Osmosis Method1. Osmosis – water goes through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is less concentrated to a solution that is more concentrated. 2. Reverse Osmosis – force water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is more concentrated to a solutionthat is less concentrated. 3. Life straw – small portable way to filter dirty water.VII. International Concernsa. Farmingi. Aquifers vs Riversii. Rivers are easily polluted but aquifers cannot replenish themselves as fastas we are removing water from them. iii. Result food production is going down. b. Human Consumptioni. We need it to live. ii. Contamination of water leads to diseases 