Chem 1100 Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I. Nutrition in AmericaII. NutrientsOutline of Current Lecture I. ProteinsII. Vitamins & MineralsIII. Energy from MetabolismCurrent LectureI. Proteinsa. Amino AcidsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i.b. Peptide Bondi. Amide bondii. Carboxylic acid + aminoiii. Amide Linkage: -CONH-iv. Holds all proteins togetherc. Sequence of Amino Acidsi. Must be in the correct order or they will not properly functionii. Analogy: Like words make sentences  amino acids make proteinsiii. Why is this important? The order of the amino acids effect structure of proteins. d. Structure of Proteinsi. 4 organizational levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)ii. Primary Structure is the order of amino acids. (N-terminus  C-terminus)iii. Secondary is reactions between amino acids in close proximity of each other.iv. Tertiary is reactions between amino acids far apart in proximity of each other. v. Quaternary is a reaction between two different polymer chains.II. Vitamins & Mineralsa. Organic nutrients (carbon)  Not carbs, proteins, or fats. They are also not polymers. The body can’t produce them. Often coenzymes make enzymes work better.b. Taking too many vitamins can be bad. Vitamin D is the easiest vitamin to overdose on because it takes longer for it to leave our system. c. Vitamin Solubility i. Water-soluble: is excreted quickly and we need to take them daily.ii. Fat-soluble: tend to stick around and store in our fat cells. They tend to belong to the lipid family due to this characteristic.iii. How much? The acronym changed from RDA  DRIiv. RDA use to cover everyone but the DRI is now catered to male and female separately. It’s also separated by different age groups as well. d. Mineralsi. Inorganic nutrientsii. Body can’t make themiii. Macro minerals (7 of them that you should memorize)iv. Need more than 100 mg/dayv. Usually 1-3 g/dayvi. Micro minerals: Iron 12 mg & Copper 900 ugvii. Trace Minerals: Arsenic, Mn:2 mg, Iodine: 150 uge. Nutritional Supplementsi. If you have a healthy diet you shouldn’t need supplementsii. Sometimes athletes, pregnant women, or people with illness/injury need more than the usual person.III. Energy from Metabolismi.ii. Energy forms: are stored in glucose/lipid bonds and converted to mechanical, heat, electrical, & chemical energy.iii. Ionic Potential: Ionic potential is an ion's charge divided by its radius, and it is thus a measure of density of charge. Ionic potential gives a sense of how strongly or weakly the ion will be electrostatically attractedto ions of opposite charge, and to what extent the ion will repel other ions of like charge. iv. Metabolic Rate  Sequence of small reactions that help us survive but they don’t go fast enough to kill us.v.A. Energy Molecules :vi. Carbohydrates (4 Cal/g), Fats (9 Cal/g), Proteins (4 Cal/g)b. How much energy do you need? It depends on your gender, your build, your lifestyle, Adults: 2200/2900 Cal/day  you need more than just calories. c. Basal Metabolism Rate:i. Minimum calories expended, nothing bust resting 1900/1300 Cal/dayd. Weight Loss Dietsi. Cut out 100 Cal/day and keep normal activity you will lose 1 lb in 35 daysii. Below 1200 Cal/day  nutritional deficiencyiii. Body will slow down  conserve energye. Low-Fat Dietsi. Saturated fats = badii. Solution = vegetable oilsiii. Some have trans fat which are worse than saturated fatsf. Low Carb Dietsi. Deplete glycogen (carb. Storage)ii. 1 lb glycogen  3 lb wateriii. replaced when carbohydrates are consumediv. Brain needs glucosev. Low in some nutrientsvi. Glycemic Index  goal is to lower blood sugar and scientists are still researching it.g. Starvation Dietsi. Expend 2400 calories/day without eatingii. Lose weight in muscle mass not fat