Chem 1100Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (August 25th)- What is chemistry? The study of matter. - What is matter? Something that takes up space and has a mass.- What is a compound? Consist of at least two types of atoms.- What is a mixture? combining of two types of pure substances.- What is a heterogeneous mixture? You can clearly see the outlines of each substance because they don’t mix. Ex: oil and water.- What is a homogenous mixture? The components of the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. Example Test Questions From Lecture 1:1.) Which of the following is an element? A.) Sugar B.) Milk C.) Carbon dioxide D.) Oxygen 2.) Grape juice is an example of a? A.) Heterogeneous mixture B.) Homogenous mixture C.) Substance D.) Element3.) A substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods is called a? A.) Element B.) Compound C.) Proton D.) Mixture E.) Isotope4.) Which is not a mixture? A.) A glass of Kool-Aid B.) A jar filled with rocks and sand C.) Air D.) Sea Water E.) Sodium chlorideLecture 2 (August 27th) - Periods: run horizontally on the periodic table.- Groups: run vertically on the periodic table and have similar chemical properties. - The Periodic Table : was created to organize they elements. They are organized by atomic mass, so the bigger the atom the higher it will appear on the table. However there are a few exceptions. So in that case atomic number always precedes mass. - Group 1A: very reactive metals.- Group 2A: still reactive but less so.- Metals are on the left and Nonmetals are on the right. A list of the metalloids will be provided for you during the test. As will a periodic table. - Atom: smallest unit that has elemental properties.- Molecules: can be expressed by a chemical formula and will have a fixed number of every type of atom that’s in it.- Molecular Formulas: Has letters and numbers. The letters tell you what kind of atom you are dealing with. Water (H20) Has two different kinds of atoms. The numbers tell you how many of each kind of atom you have. In H20 you have 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.-Allotrope: each of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist. Graphite, charcoal, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon.- ISOMER: each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.- Diatomic Molecules: (DI - means two) Two atoms coming together to form a molecule. There are 7 of them. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. You need to memorize these seven molecules.- Binary compounds - only have two different kinds of atoms involved, not necessarily only two atoms just only two different kinds. - Formulas & Names: We have a metal and a nonmetal reacting to make a compound. The first part of the name is the metal. And to tell what kind of metal you are dealing with you simply name the metal. Now you name the nonmetal but you change the name a little and it will always end in -ide. - What if a ratio isn't 1:1? Mono = 1 Di or Bi = 2 Tri = 3 Tetra = 4 Penta = 5 Hexa = 6 Hepta = 7 Octa = 8 Nona = 9 Deca = 10-Chemical reactions: One important thing to realize that all those substances change into different substances, the atoms aren't changed into other types of atoms, the change is what other atoms are bonded to other atoms. - Reactants – Starting materials turn into products.-Reactions: atoms cannot be created or destroyed.Example Test Questions from Lecture 2:1.Oxygen and ozone are? Allotropes2. Which of the following elements are chemically similar to magnesium? A.) Potassium B.) Nickel C.) Sulfur D.) Iron E.) Calcium3. Which of the following names does not describe a diatomic molecule? A.) Chlorine B.) Hydrogen C.) Neon D.) Nitrogen4. The systematic name for CaBr2 is? A.) Monocalcium dibromide B.) dibromo calcide C.) Table salt D.) Calcium dibromide E.) Calcium bromide5. What is the systematic name for PCl5? A.) Potassium chloride B.) Monophosphorous pentachloride C.) Phosphorous pentachloride D.) Phosphorous chloride6. The elements in a column of the periodic table are known as? A.) Noble gases B.) nonmetals C.) a group D.) a period7. A ____________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement. A.) Isotope B.) Mixture C.) Molecule E.) ElementLecture 3 (September 3rd)- Can’t create or destroy atoms. Can’t change an atom into another kind of atom (chemically).- The reactants in the equation are on the left. The products in the equation are on the right. - Change the coefficient to make the number of atoms on each side equal.-DO NOT CHANGE SUBSCRIPTS. You cannot just add subscripts wherever you want because you are creating compounds that do not exist.- Elemental oxygen – different from regular oxygen. Three oxygen atoms bonded together. - Allotropes: Same element, different arrangement (diamond vs. graphite)- Oxygen: colorless gas, odorless, light blue liquid, boiling point: -193 C, reactive.-Ozone: colorless gas, definite odor (metallic/tangy), dark blue liquid, boiling point: -112 C, morereactive than oxygen. High up in the stratosphere. We are in the troposphere. The troposphere is between 0 – 9.3 miles of altitude. The stratosphere is between 9.3 – 21.7 miles of altitude. - Upper atmosphere: The ozone blocks UV rays which is a good thing for us. It protects us from it. It helps prevent sunburn and cancer. 90% of O3  “ozone layer” Altitude: 9.3-18.6 miles- Lower Atmosphere: photochemical smog (as in L.A)  bad. 10% of O3 is 1.5 miles and lower.- Atoms: have two regions (nucleus & the outer part where the electrons orbit)- Nucleus – very dense center of the atom. The vast majority of mass lies within in the nucleus. It contains the protons and neutrons. The electrons orbit the nucleus. -Electrons are negatively charged, they orbit the nucleus, and they are very tiny compared to protons. Relative mass is zero and has a negative one charge.- Protons are positively charged, exist in the nucleus, they are 2000 times the size of an electron.Relative mass = 1 and has a plus 1 charge.- Neutrons have no charge, they are found in the nucleus, and they are also 2000 times the size of an electron. A neutral atom has no charge. It means the number of protons in the nucleus equal the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. Relative mass is 1 and has a zero charge.Example Test Questions from Lecture 31.) Which of the