Chem 1100 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Chemistry?II. Matter: The Making and Breaking of Chemical BondsIII. Elements, Compounds, & MixturesIV. RecapOutline of Current Lecture I. Elements ContinuedII. The Periodic TableIII. Atoms & MoleculesIV. Diatomic MoleculesV. Formulas & NamesVI. Chemical ReactionsCurrent LectureI. Elements Continued:a. Elements are the fundamental building blocks for all matter.b. There is 118 of them (known)c. All compounds are made of two different kinds of elements.d. You can break down elements into subatomic particles, whichare matter, but we have to use nuclear reactions.e. When you react more than one element you make chemical compounds.II. The Periodic Tablea. The purpose is to organize the elements. The organization is decided by certain qualities of the element. The rows (horizontal) of the periodic table are called periods. The These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.columns (vertical) are called groups - these have similar chemical properties. b. Each element is assigned an atomic number, which is the same number of protons the element contains in the nucleus of an atom.c. The periodic table is organized by atomic mass, so the bigger the atom the higher it will appear on the table. That didn't work out very well in a couple of cases. d. There are exceptions (cobalt (27), and nickel (28)). Nickel weighs less than Cobalt. So we organize by atomic number. Organizing by atomic mass stays true for the majority of the table but there are a few exceptions, one which I just listed above. e. The elements in group 1A are very reactive metals. The elements in group 2A are still reactive but just not as reactive.In group 3A, Boron is a metalloid, and there are other metals as well that are still even less reactive. 4A consists of nonmetals (Carbon). Halogens tend to react with hydrogen.f. Metals on the left. Nonmetals on the right. Gray boxes are metalloids. g. For every exam you will be provided a periodic table with thename of the elements in addition to the symbol. Ex: K is potassium. The table you receive will be in black and white so it will not be color-coded. But at the bottom of the periodic table Dr. Ganley will provide a list of the metalloids so you know anything to the left is a metal, and anything on the right is a nonmetal.III. Atoms and Moleculesa. Atom: smallest unit that has elemental properties.b. If you break down an iron atom to a single atom and thenbreak that single atom down the particles no longer act like iron particles. You are left with the electrons, protons, and neutrons. c. Molecules - can be expressed by chemical formula. Each different kind of molecule is going to have a fixed number of every type of atom that’s in it.d. They will also have a spatial arrangement. The properties are determined by which atoms are bonded to which other atoms.In other words, the same atomic ratio within these molecules.If you change anything within the molecule you will have a different kind of molecule.e. Molecular formulas: You have letters and numbers. The letters tell you what kind of atom you are dealing with. Water(H20) Has two different kinds of atoms. The numbers tell you how many of each kind of atom you have. In H20 you have 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.f. H20 vs. H2S (If you change the atoms you change the kind ofmolecule (or change the compound) you are dealing with)g. H20 vs. H2O2 (if you change the number you also change the kind of molecule (compound) you are dealing with)h. If you change the arrangement you also change the molecule you are dealing with.i. Graphite vs Diamond (allotropes)j. ALLOTROPE: each of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist. Graphite, charcoal, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon.k. They are bonded differently, arranged differently in that substance.l. Ethanol vs. DME (isomers)m.ISOMER: each of two or more compounds with the same formulabut a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.Ethanol Vs. DMEH H H H| | | |H -- C - C --O -- H H -- C -- O --C -- H| | | |H H H Hn. Graphite, Diamond - they both have the chemical formula of just C but to designate whether its graphite or diamond you would have to write C(diamond) or C(graphite) IV. Diatomic Molecules a. - (DI - means two) Two atoms coming together to form a molecule. There are 7 of them. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. You need to memorize these seven molecules.b. When ever someone is talking about Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, or Iodine reacting theyare talking about the -H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 form reacting not the H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I form. c. These elements form the shape of a 7 on the periodic table to help remember them except for Hydrogen which is over by itself because they just couldn't really find a better spot for it on the table. d. Sometimes elements form molecules.e. O is atomic oxygen, O2 is diatomic oxygen, O3 is ozone.f. Phosphorus is another atom that forms molecules. Elemental Phosphorus is P4 (4 phosphorus atoms within that molecule) Sulfur is S8 also forms molecules. V. Formulas And Namesa. Metal - nonmetal compoundsi. Binary compounds - only have two different kinds of atoms involved, not necessarily only two atoms justonly two different kinds. ii. We have a metal and a nonmetal reacting to make a compound. The first part of the name is the metal. And to tell what kind of metal you are dealing with you simply name the metal. Now you name the nonmetal but you change the name a little and it will always end in -ide.iii. For Example: If you have NaBr you don't call it SodiumBromine. You call is SodiumBromide. b. The metal is always written first when naming.i. Example: CsF Cesium Fluorine would be Cesium Fluoride.c. What if a ratio isn't 1:1?Mono = 1 Di or Bi = 2 Tri = 3 Tetra = 4 Penta = 5 Hexa = 6 Hepta = 7 Octa = 8 Nona = 9 Deca = 10d. First Rule: Never start a name with Mono. e. Second Rule: You usually use Di but there are a few cases where you use Bi.f. When Naming Metal- Nonmetal Reactions it doesn't matter ifas shown below there are 4 Sodiums and only 1 carbon. You don't change the suffix on the metal. i. Na4C Sodium Carbideii. MgF2 Magnesium Fluorideiii. Ca3N2 Calcium Nitride iv. (^^Calcium and Nitrogen always react at a 3:2 ratio)g. However when Naming