Chem 1100FINAL Study Guide Lectures: 22 - 25Lecture 22 (December 1st)Nutrition in America: Ready access to food (especially in the last 50-75 years). We now lead a more sedentary lifestyles – don’t burn as many calories. 61% of Americans are overweight (26% are obese as of 2002). Nutrition includes fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. We need to have a balanced diet. Having an excess of any nutrient above can lead to health problems.USDA: Puts out a food guide pyramid to follow for optimum health. Exercise is now a part of thefood pyramid. American’s have gotten the idea to consume fewer calories and in turn consume less fat. Especially saturated and trans fats – they stick together and can be hard to get rid of. Partially hydrogenated oils contain these bad fats  margarine, peanut butter. We should consume less red meat and consume less fatty protein.Nutrients: Carbohydrates = Sugars, starches, and cellulose. Monosaccharide: simplest sugars (one ring). Disaccharides = two monosaccharaides. Polysaccharides  Main energy storage system. Plants use polysaccharides to build cell walls. Starch: there are two kinds in plants, which are both glucose polymers. Amylose (straight chain) & Amylopectin (branched chain). Lipids (fats/cholesterol) are defined by solubility. They are insoluble in water. Fats are the largestgroup of lipids. A fat is 3 fatty acids combined with a glycerol compound. Saturated fats have ZERO carbon/carbon bonds. hey are saturated with hydrogen’s and tend to be solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats DO have carbon/carbon bonds and tend to be liquid at room temperature. Oleic acid is a liquid at room temperature. There’s no nutrition you can get from a trans fat that you can’t get from a saturated or unsaturated fat. Trans fats are the worst for you.Proteins: Polymers of amino acids. They have structural function, they are required for the cell to live, they contain C, H, N, O, and usually S, and some do reactions. These reactions contain enzymes and catalysts. Metabolism: life sustaining chemical reactions. Catabolism: breakdown of nutrients that produces energy. Anabolism: construction of cell components (DNA, Proteins). Line Angle Drawings  leave out all of the carbons and leave all the hydrogen’s attached to the carbons that are on the outside.Lecture 23 (December 3rd) Amino Acids: Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine and carboxylic acid functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. Sequence of Amino Acids  Must be in the correct order or they will not properly function. An analogy about amino acids: Like words make sentences  amino acids make proteins. This isimportant because the order of the amino acids effect structures of proteins. Proteins have 4 organizational levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary). Primary Structure is the order of amino acids (N-terminus  C-terminus). Secondary is reactions between amino acids in close proximity of each other. Tertiary is reactions between amino acids far apart in proximity of each other. Quaternary is a reaction between two different polymer chains. Vitamins: Organic nutrients (carbon)  Not carbs, proteins, or fats. They are also not polymers. The body can’t produce them. Often coenzymes make enzymes work better. Taking too many vitamins can be bad. Vitamin D is the easiest vitamin to overdose on because it takes longer for it to leave our system. Vitamins are water-soluble. Water-soluble: is excreted quickly and we need to take them daily. Fat-soluble: tend to stick around and store in our fat cells. They tend to belong to the lipid family due to this characteristic. RDA use to cover everyone but the DRI is now catered to male and female separately. Different age groups also separate it as well. Minerals: are inorganic nutrients. The body can’t make them. There are 7 macro minerals. You need more than 100 mg/day. Examples of micro minerals are Iron 12 mg & Copper 900 ug. Examples of trace Minerals are Arsenic, Mn:2 mg, Iodine: 150 ug.Metabolism  Energy forms: are stored in glucose/lipid bonds and converted to mechanical, heat, electrical, & chemical energy. Ionic Potential: Ionic potential is an ion's charge divided by its radius, and it is thus a measure of density of charge. Ionic potential gives a sense of how strongly or weakly the ion will be electrostatically attracted to ions of opposite charge, and to what extent the ion will repel other ions of like charge. Metabolic Rate  Sequence of small reactions that help us survive but they don’t go fast enough to kill us.Energy Molecules: Carbohydrates (4 Cal/g), Fats (9 Cal/g), Proteins (4 Cal/g). How much energy do you need? It depends on your gender, your build, your lifestyle, Adults: 2200/2900 Cal/day  you need more than just calories. Basal Metabolism Rate: Minimum calories expended, nothing bust resting 1900/1300 Cal/day. Glycemic Index  goal is to lower blood sugar and scientists are still researching it.Lecture 24 (December 8th)Biology: the study of life. Cell Biology: the study of cells (Cells are the basic units of life). Molecular Biology: the study of biological molecules. In 1900 the life expectancy was only 50 years. Today the life expectancy is closer to 80. Medicine has improved. Cells: Humans have about 1 X 10^13 cells in their bodies. Nucleus defines the identity and carries hereditary information. Genetically modified corn: produces its own insecticide so now less pesticides are used – make corn resists herbicides that way they can still kill weeds but not the corn. How do they do this?  cells have a complete set of instructions. They tell the corn how to grown, whento reproduce, and this information is passed on from generation to generation. Genome: is a setof genetic information that the cells have. Genes: short sections of instructions  specific reactions, chemicals, or events in the cellChanging a gene: An inheritable trait changes for example the making of corn to produce a new chemical to kill the worms that eat corn. Bacillus thuringiensis has genes to make insecticidal proteins. Take a gene from the bacteria and put it in the corn and now you have a corn that carries its own insecticideThe Chemistry of Heredity: There are 46 chromosomes in each human cell’s nucleus and they are intertwined in our DNA molecules.There are about 30,000 genes and each one convey one