Chem 1100 Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Fuel CellsII. Methanol Fuel CellsIII. Gasoline Fuel CellsIV. Hydrogen FuelV. Sources of HydrogenVI. Electric CarsOutline of Current Lecture I. Hybrid CarII. PhotovoltaicIII. EconomicsIV. Solar ThermalCurrent LectureI. Hybrid Cara. Has 2 enginesi. Gas engine & NiMH/Li-Ion – battery never drained completelyii. Car runs off the battery and as soon as it reaches a certain level the car starts running off of the gasoline engine and simultaneously recharges the battery.b. Environmentally Friendlyc. Costi. Big upfront costThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. The performance must match that of conventional vehicles or there would be no market. The cost is comparable over time because you are spending less in gas. d. Misc.II. Photovoltaica. Electrical potential based on light. Take energy from the sun. The sun is renewable energy. Light/heat is not very useful for work. Low order type energy. If we can collect enough in a small enough space it can generate electricity.b. It’s used today in hydrogen production. Use energy for the sun and hook it up to a solar cell and use it to make hydrogen gas.c. Semiconductorsi. Only conducts under specific conditionsii. Photon of right wavelengths collideiii. Silicon (4A) – the photon of 1100 nm will knock electrons offiv. Problems – they cost a lot of energy to make and you have to refine it to avery high purity, which is very expensive.v. Also they have low efficiency. The max is 28% and reality is more like 10-17% but the energy is free and unlimitedd. Developmentsi. Non-crystalline silicon – decreases cost and increases efficiencyii. Doping silicon – combined with other materials like Arsenic and Galliumiii. As (5A) one more outer electroniv. Ga (3A) one less outer electron e. Doped Siliconi. Arsenic: has the extra electron and we call that n-type (negative)ii. The arsenic is not really charged we just call it thatiii. Gallium is electron deficient and we call that p type (positive)iv. Gallium is not really charged we just call it thatv. Easier to make an electron current and get them goingvi. We have different layers of n and p type and the electrons flow between themIII. Economicsa. Solar power – the cost is droppingb. Fossil fuels – the cost is increasingc. Solar investments – are increasingi. Currently 1% of global powerii. Favored over nuclear powerd. France = Nuclear | Germany = Solare. Installationsi. Low maintenanceii. You can build anywhereiii. They do take up a lot of space but we can place them in isolated areas that have little interest to buyers. For example, undeveloped areas. f. Other countries have solar parks full of solar panels that they use to collect energy. IV. Solar Thermala. A trough with mirrors that reflect light on a central pipe that has liquid in it and the sun heats up the liquid and they pump that liquid to generate electricity.b. Wind farms are a significant upfront investment but worth it.c. Geothermal energy – drill holes deep into the earth, close to the core, and draw heat from there. You can’t do this anywhere. It’s limited to the area that’s available to do
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