Chem 1100 Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture I. ProteinsII. Vitamins & MineralsIII. Energy from MetabolismOutline of Current Lecture I. BiologyII. CellsCurrent LectureI. Biologya. Biology: the study of lifeb. Cell Biology: the study of cells (Cells are the basic units of life)c. Molecular Biology: the study of biological moleculesd. In 1900 the life expectancy was only 50 yearse. Today the life expectancy is closer to 80f. Medicine has improvedII. Cellsa. Humans have about 1 X 10^13 cells in their bodiesb. Nucleus defines the identity and carries hereditary informationc. Chromosomes:d. Genetically modified corn: produces its own insecticide so now less pesticides are used – make corn resists herbicides that way they can still kill weeds but not the corni. How do they do this? cells have a complete set of instructions. They tell the corn how to grown, when to reproduce, and this information is passed on from generation to generation.ii. Genome: is a set of genetic information that the cells haveiii. Genes: short sections of instructions specific reactions, chemicals, or events in the celle. Changing a genei. An inheritable trait changes for example the making of corn to produce a new chemical to kill the worms that eat corn.ii. Bacillus thuringiensis has genes to make insecticidal proteinsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Take a gene from the bacteria and put it in the corn and now you have acorn that carries its own insecticidef. The Chemistry of Heredityi. There are 46 chromosomes in each human cell’s nucleus and they are intertwined in our DNA molecules.ii. There are about 30,000 genes and each one convey one or more hereditary traitsIII. DNAA. DeoxyriboNucleicAcidi. Is a polymerii. Components include phosphate, deoxyribose (sugar), Baseiii. Special template written in molecular code on a tightly coiled threadb.c.d. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (A,G,C,T)e. Double Helix of DNA – x-ray diffraction of DNA used to solve the structure of a crystalized molecule.f. Rosalind Franklin: her data was used by Watson and Crick to use x rays to see how they bounce off crystalized DNA molecules to understand the structureg. 3D STRUCTURE: h. Replication: producing copies, synthesized by the enzymesi. Cell Reproduction: the DNA divides, the cell divides, grab a hold of each copy of DNA, and 1 copy of each chromosome ends up on each side of the cell and then the process happens again.j. Transcription: The process of transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNA pol) attaches to the template DNA strand and begins to catalyze production of complementary RNA. Polymerases are large enzymes composed of approximately a dozen subunits, and when active on DNA, they are also typically complex with other factors. In many cases, these factors signal which gene is to be transcribed.k. RNA: working copy of DNA goes out into the cell and that’s where the instructions are carried out. It does the dirty work for DNA so nothing happens toyour
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