PSIO 201 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 16 25 Lecture 1 August 27 Lecture 15 October 6 2014 ARTICULATIONS 1 List the 3 Structural classifications of articulations Fibrous Joint Cartilaginous Joint and Synovial Joint 2 List and describe 3 functional classifications of articulations A Synarthrosis Immovable Joints B Amphiarthrosis Slightly Movable C Diarthrosis Freely Movable Synarthrosis immovable Fibrous Sutures Amphiarthrosis slightly movable Tibia and fibula Fibrous Gomphosis teeth Pubic symphysis Synchondrosis cartilaginous Diarthrosis freely movable Hinge joint between trochlea of humerus and trochlae notch of ulna Pivot joint between head of radius and radial notch of ulna ALL DIARTHROSES ARE SYNOVIAL Synovial Fluid Ball and socket joint triaxial 3 Define the subtypes of the three functional classifications of articulations discussed 4 Describe the basic components of a synovial joint Synovial structure Diarthrosis important for healthy cartilage Tendons Bursae Menisci Intracapsular and extracapsular 5 List the functions of synovial fluid Synovial Fluid lubricates absorbs shock and cushions the joints 6 Describe the shoulder and knee joint including ligaments and tendons Shoulder Joint Diarthrosis freely movable tri axial more prone to injury Stabilized by 5 ligaments Five Major Muscles Coracohumeral ligament Glenohumeral Ligament Traverse Humeral Ligament Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Tendon of Subscapilaris muscle Glenoid Labrum Suction cup keeps it for detaching and allows rotation ALL Extrascapular Knee Joint Diarthrosis freely movable Mono axial joint Medial and Lateral menisci cushion the joint 7 ligaments stabilize the joint 2 extracapsular oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal Ligament 2 Intracapsular Anterior Cruciate Ligament Posterior Cruciate Ligament 7 List and describe the two types of arthritis Arthritis 2 Common Types 1 Osteoarthritis OA degenterative bone to bone 2 Rheumatoid RA inflammatory inflames synovial membrane Rist Factors OA Heredity Overweight Joint injury Repeated overuse Aging Lack of physical activity Nerve injury Lecture 16 0ctober 8 2014 TISSUE AND CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLE 1 List specific Functions of Skeletal Muscle Generate Tension Locomotion Facial expression Posture and Body Position Regulation of Body Temperature 2 Label major structural contractile elements of muscle fiber Deep Fascia covers Groups of muscles Muscle covered by Epimysium Fascicle covered by Perimysium Muscle Fiber covered by Endomysium Muscle cells are called fibers Typically Multinucleate arise from myoblasts After birth growth of fibers happen by hypertrophy 3 Label the major contractile and regulatory elements of the sarcomere Tintin spans half of each sarcomere from Z disc to M line Stabalizes the position of the thick filament gives muscle its elasticity and extensibility A actinin found in the Z disc binds to actin molecules of the thin filament and to tintin Myomesin Found in the M line Binds to titin and thick filaments to connect them together at the M line Dystrophin Cytoskeletal protein that links the think filaments to the sarcolemma helps transmit tension from the sarcomeres to tendons Lecture 17 October 10 2014 CELLULAR BASIS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION 1 Label the thin and thick filaments including all of the proteins that make up each myofilament 1 Thin filament attached to Z line two twisted strands of pearls composed of two helically strands of actin Sarcomeres Function unit of contraction 2 Thick Filaments spans distance and overlaps composed of array of myosin molecules 2 Give general description of the sliding filament mechanism 1 Myosin head binds to actin to form a crossbridge 2 Conformational change energized by ATP hydrolysis causes thin filaments to slide along thick filaments 3 Myosin head groups release form new crossbridges and the sliding cycle repeats Results Zline move toward one another Sarcomere length decreases Myofibril shortens Muscle fiber shortens 3 Describe the contraction cycle 1 Myosin binding sites on actin become exposed when calcium binds to troponin 2 Myosin heads bind to actin forming crossbridges 3 Myosin heads pivot toward the center of the sarcomere 4 ATP bins to myosin head 5 ATP is hydrolyzed and the energy released Is used to re energize the myosin head back to starting position 4 Describe Rigor Mortis Lack of ATP to detach crossbridge so muscles stay contracted Lecture 18 October 13 2014 EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING 1 Label key components of the neuromuscular junction Excitation electrical signal is transmitted from motor neuron to the muscle fiber Excitation Contraction Coupling the events that connect excitation to contraction Contraction the events that cause the sarcomere and the muscle fiber to shorten Relaxation the events that cause the sarcomere and the muscle fiber to return to resting length 2 Order the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction leading to electrical stiumation 1 Action Potential arrives at the Synaptic end bulb of motor neuron and opens calcium gated channels 2 Synaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis 3 ACh is released into synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors on SR motor end plate 4 ACh receptors open and allow sodium to enter muscle fiber for AP 5 ACh is broken down to acetate and choline by AChE 3 Describe the role of AChE in the cessation of electrical stiumulation of a muscle fiber ACh receptors open cation channel for sodium to pass through 4 Discuss the role of calcium in the regulation of contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle Calcium binds to troponin to permit crossbridges to form 5 List in order the events of the contraction cycle 1 AP runs along sarcolemma continues into T tubules 2 Triggers release of calcium from SR 3 Calcium diffused into sarcoplasm and myofibrils 4 Calcium binds to troponin on thin filament 5 Crossbridges aform and tension is generated Lecture 19 October 15 2014 BASICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT Lecture 20 October 17 2014 MUSCLE GROSS ANATOMY LOCATION AND FUNCTION I 1 List the three phases of a muscle twitch Muscle twitch contraction arising from a single electrical stimulus 3 Periods include Latent Contraction and Relaxation 2 Compare and contrast the characteristics of a muscle twitch and tetanic contraction Tetanus or tetanic contraction summation over time of individual twitches 3 Define motor unit and discuss it as spatial summation Tetanus is the mechanism for increasing tension4 Describe Size Principle of increased tension