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UA PSIO 201 - Appendicular Skeleton
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PSIO 201 5th EditionLecture 14Outline of Last LectureAxial SkeletionOutline of Current LectureI. Appendicular SkeletonCurrent LectureVertebral Column (Spine)Forms skeleton of trunk of the body with sternum & ribsEncloses & protects spinal cord, supports head & is point of attachment for ribs, pelvic girdle & back musclesComposed of 24 vertebrae, sacrum & coccyx7 cervical vertebrae12 thoracic vertebrae5 lumbar vertebraesacrum: 5 fused sacral vertebraecoccyx: 4 fused coccygeal vertebraeIntervertebral DiscsFibrocartilage & elastic tissue discs between bodies of adjacent vertebraeForm intervertebral joints; highly resistant to shockVertebraeBody: broad flat region that accommodates intervertebral discPedicles: connect body to processesLamina: flat smooth surface on either side of spinous processThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Vertebral foramen: opening between body & processes for spinal cordTransverse processes: lateral processes on either side of spinous processSpinous process: posterior processSuperior articular processesInferior articular processesAtlas and AxisAtlas (C1): 1st cervical vertebra; articulates with occipital condyles at base of skullLacks body & spinous processJoints provide up & down head movement (yes)Axis (C2): 2nd cervical vertebraDens (odontoid process): peglike projection that makes a pivot the atlas & head rotate around ("no")Sacrum and CoccyxSacrum (5 fused vertebrae)Vertebrae begin to fuse between 16-18 years of age; ends around age 30Sacral tuberosity on anterior medial sides joins with ilium to form sacroiliac jointCoccyx (usually 4 fused vertebrae)Vertebrae fuse between 20-30 years of ageThe Rib CageThe Ribs12 pairs, connected to the 12 thoracic vertebrae in the back.The upper 7 pairs of ribs (true ribs or vertebrocostal ribs) are attached to the sternum directly withcostal cartilages.Ribs 8, 9, and 10 (vertebrochondral ribs) are attached indirectly to the sternum through the cartilage of rib 7.Ribs 11 and 12 (floating or vertebral) are not connected to the sternum at all - short ribs.The SternumComposed of 3 fused bones, the manubrium (superior), the body, and the xiphyoid process (inferior).The manubrium articulates with the clavicles and the costal cartilages of the 1st and 2nd ribs.The body articulates with ribs 2 - 7.The xyphoid process doesn't articulate with any ribs.Appendicular SkeletonPectoral GirdleContains 4 bones, the 2 clavicles and the 2 scapulae.The bones are weakly attached, held together by ligaments and muscles, which gives great flexibility to the shoulder but not a lot of stability.ClaviclesArticulate with the manubrium and with a scapula.ScapulaeShoulder blades; each has a spine ending in the acromion process, which articulates with a clavicle.Anterior to the acromion is the coracoid process, where muscles of the arm and chest are attached.Inferior to the acromion process and the coradoid process is the glenoid cavity, which articulates with the head of the humerus.HandCarpals - 8Metacarpals - 5PhalangesProximal - 5Middle - 4 (thumb lacks middle phalanx)Distal - 5Pelvic GirdleCoxal Boneso Iliumo Ischiumo PubisFalse and True Pelviseso False - bounded by flared parts of iliumo True - inferior, bounded by sacrum, lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bonesSex Differenceso Female iliac bones more flared - broader hipso Female pelvis wider between ischial spines and tuberositieso Female inlet and outlet of true pelvis widero Female pelvic cavity more shallow, male more funnel shapedo Female bones lighter and thinnero Female pubic arch wider (inverted letter "U", males arch resembles inverted letter


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