PSIO 201 5th Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecture MusclesOutline of Current Lecture I. Introduction to the Nervous SystemII. BrainIII. CerebrumIV. CerebellumV. OrganizationsVI. MeningesVII. CFS FlowVIII. Cerebral Spinal Fluid and Brain Barrier Current LectureLecture 26- Introduction to the Nervous System Objectives: 1. List the divisions of the nervous system and describe how the different divisions interact with each other. 2. List the four major structures of the brain. 3. Describe the organization of the cerebrum in terms of gyri, sulci, hemispheres, lobes, and gray and white matter. 4. Describe the organization of the cerebellum in terms of hemispheres and white and gray matter. 5. List and describe the meningeal layers and spaces, in order from superficial to deep. Include a list of the dural folds as described in lecture. 6. Describe the functions, formation, and flow of cerebrospinal fluid.Functions- 1) Sensory Function – (afferent neurons) – information goes to the brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves2) Integrative function- (interneurons) – integrates sensory information by analyzing and storing it3) Motor Function- (efferent neurons)- information from the brain and spinal cord is sent out to muscles or glands (effectors)- Autonomic Nervous System- Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division BRAIN:- Control center of the human body - Center of intelligence, behavior, memory, and emotion- Coordinates activity of skeletal muscles- Influences activity of visceral organs and glandsWhat is it composed of ???- 100 billion neurons and even more neuroglia!How does the brain act as a processing center???- Interpretation of sensory information is based on path traveled and destination in the brainWhat happens to the brain when we learn and develop new skills???- Anatomical changes in the brain; new synapses form and a pattern of neuron activity developsFour Major Parts of the Brain:1. Cerebrum2. Cerebellum3. Diencephalon- Thalamus- Hypothalamus- Epithalamus 4. Brain StemNervous SystemNervous SystemCentral Servous System (brain and spinal cord)Central Servous System (brain and spinal cord)Peripheral Nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves)Peripheral Nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves)Enertic- nervous system( smooth muscle, glands of GI tract)Enertic- nervous system( smooth muscle, glands of GI tract)Somatic- Nervous system (Skeletal Muscles)Somatic- Nervous system (Skeletal Muscles)Autonomic- (Smooth Muscle, Cardiac muscle, glands)Autonomic- (Smooth Muscle, Cardiac muscle, glands)- Pons - Medulla oblongata - MidbrainOrganization of the Cerebrum:- 2 cerebral hemispheres- Right- music, face, recognition, visual imagery, spatial abilities- Left- language, logic reasonLobes-- Frontal = reasoning, planning, speech and movement, emotions, problem solving- Parietal = perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain- Temporal = perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory- Occipital = many aspects of vision- Insula = integrates autonomic information, associated to visceral functionOrganization of the Cerebellum:- 2 Cerebellar hemispheres- Cerebellar cortex (gray matter)- Arbor Vitae (white matter)Meninges = Connective tissue coverings that surround the brain and spinal cordFunctions: - Protect Underlying neural tissues- Anchor the brain in cranial cavity and spinal cord in vertebrae activityMeminges: 3 Layers1. Dura Mater – subdural space- Most superficial Layer- Outer layer fuses with Periosteum of skill (not around spinal cord)- Inner layer folds into parts of cranial cavity forming sinusesMajor Dural Folds:- Falx Cerebri- Falx Cerebelli- Tentorium Cerebelli2. Arachnoid Mater- Subarachnoid space3. Pia Mater- Pathway of CSF flow: HydrocephalusCFS Formation in Ventricles – - filtrate of plasma containing glucose, Ca+, Cl-, Mg, oxygen, and other metabolic ions.Cerebrospinal Fluid ( CSF)Functions :- Cushioning and school absorption- Chemical protection- Exchange nutrients and wastesBlood Brain Barrier:- Protective mechanism that maintains stable environment for the brain- Capillaries of the brain are the least permeable of any capillaries in the body- Capillaries are selective partly due to presence of astrocytes (a type of
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