PSIO 201 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideDepartment of PhysiologyFall 2014Exam formatPSIO 201Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Study GuideBlock 1: Introduction and Cellular Function1. Define homeostasis and describe the elements that comprise a feedback loop. Identify a representative example of a positive vs. a negative feedback loop, and explain why one category is called ‘positive’ and the other is called ‘negative.’ - Homeostasis; “relative consistency of the internal environment” remains constant over time ( temperature, PH, etc.) is crucial for survival. - Negative feedback loop; keeps us with in limits, reversing the stimuli. (sweating) stimulus  receptor  control center  effector  response  control condition- Positive Feedback Loop; intensifies the variables ( during pregnancy more contractions) 2. Compareandcontrastintegralandperipheralmembraneproteins.Commenton why ‘Amphiphlicity’ of phospholipid & protein structure is important in establishing stable membrane structure. - Integral proteins; across cell membrane and are amphipathic - Peripheral Proteins; can float around- Amphiphlicity that means hydrophilic “water loving” so they stay inside while phospholipid bilayers form outer wall membrane to protect the cell body using hydrophobic tail ends. This is what maintains a stable membrane structure and allows for permeability within the cell. 3. Define osmosis. Predict the direction of net osmotic water flow. Compare and contrast the concepts of osmolarity and tonicity. - Osmosis is the net flow of water across a semipermeable membrane in response to a gradient in the chemical activity of water. Occurs from diluted to high concentration. ( low osmolarity 0.1  high osmolarity 0.2) . - Tonicity is the measure of the osmotic pressure gradient of two solutions. High osmotic pressure means high osmolarity. Unlike osmolarity, tonicity only measures the solutes that cannot cross the semi permeable membrane . 4. Compare and contrast the characteristics that distinguish passive diffusion from carrier‐mediated transport; include a discussion of two diagnostic characteristics of carrier‐mediated transport. - Passive diffusion from carrier mediated transport; equilibrium goes high to low concentration.- Carrier mediated transport; more efficient than diffusion; remember saturability and selectivity meaning it increases rapidly but will eventually saturate and it cannot go against a concentrated gradient (facilitated diffusion). - Carrier mediated transport includes 1) facilitated diffusion 2) active transport a) primary active transport (immediate form of ATP) and secondary active transport (outside is higher in concentration revolving door). 5. Compare and contrast the characteristics of facilitated diffusion and active transport. - Facilitated diffusion; uses proteins to move molecules more quickly. Goes with concentrated gradient. Cannot catalyze a net flux against an electrochemical gradient. - Active transport; when a cell uses immediate energy to transfer something, can work against the concentration gradient. 6. Compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and secondary active transport. - Primary Active Transport; uses energy in ATP form to transfer proteins against the gradient. - Secondary Active Transport; accumulates nutrients using other forms of energy other than ATP. Energy comes from electrochemical gradient pumping ions outside the cell. Can be antiport (out to in) or symport in to out. 7. List the categories of vesicular transport and describe a representative example of each.- vesicular transport; endocytosis- bringing something into the cell; exocytosis- releasing something from acell. 8. Describethefunctionofthefollowingcellstructures:cytoskeleton;mitochondria; nucleus; smooth and roughendoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes and peroxisomes.- cytoskeleton; composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. - Mitochondria; major site of energy metabolism- Nucleus; makes special proteins- Smooth ER; lipid synthesis and CA storage- Rough ER; protein synthesis and storage- Golgi apparatus; site of processing and packaging protein products for secretion- Lysosomes and peroxisomes; detoxification, includes digestive enzymes for turning over old cell material. Department of Physiology Fall 20149. Compare and contrast the characteristics of ATP production by oxidative vs. anaerobic (i.e., glycolytic) metabolism.- ATP production; oxidative phosphorylation, enzymatically breaking of bonds by consuming O2 and producing CO2. Anaerobic metabolism; glycolysis . Block 2: The Skeletal System1. List and describe the functions of the 4 cell types found in bone.- Connective, most abundant used for support and protection- Epithelial, covers the body’s surface used for protection and secretion- Muscle, used by skeletal system to move autonomic and somatic- Nervous, specialized cells using stimuli for input and export of signals 2. Discuss modeling and remodeling of bone. - Modeling is the construction of bone formed by osteoblasts- Remodeling is the reconstruction of bone, bone is first resorbed and then formed in same location by osteoblasts.3. List the components of the matrix of bone and describe how each component contributes to the bone's strength. - Bone matrix consists of fiber collagen, inorganic substances, and ground substances.- The cells are composed of osteocells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. 4. Describe the differences between compact and spongy bone in terms of location, function, and composition. - compact bone; solid network of bone organized in concentric ring structures called osteons, found in external layer of all bones and diaphysis of long bones. Compact bones give long bones ability to with stand forces along longitudinal axis.- Spongy Bone; irregular lattice of thin plates called trabecullae, located in epiphysis of long bone surrounding marrow cavities, flat, short, irregular. Can withstand forces from many directions, lightens the skeleton, contains red marrow for hemopoiesis. 5. Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone (the osteon) and understand the purpose of its organization. - Osteon; functional unit of compact bone, contains circles called lamellae with canals with blood vessels to carry nutrients and remove wastes. 6. Describehowthepresenceofanepiphysealplatefacilitatesthelengtheningof bones. - The epiphyseal plate facilitates strength